Laser-Tissue Interactions

Abstract

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Dependence of calculus retropulsion on pulse duration during HO: YAG laser lithotripsy

“…6 and 7), more calculus retropulsion with the shorter pulse in a water environment can be explained by the pulse-duration-dependent dynamics of bubble collapse. Previous studies have demonstrated that a highspeed liquid jet formation takes place when a bubble exists near a solid boundary [33,35]. Due to retarded flow near the boundary, asymmetrical bubble collapse is induced, followed by jet formation directed toward the solid the boundary with a pressure impulse on the target.…”

Histological and modeling study of skin thermal injury to 2.0 μm laser irradiation

“…As temperatures reach 1008C or more, water-vaporization causes tissue desiccation, the formation and expansion of steam vacuoles and explosive fragmentation. Tissue carbonization and ablation occur when temperatures are higher than the pressure dependent boiling point of tissue water [13,14].…”

Cultured human keratinocytes for optical transmission measurement

“…The transmission and scatter through the human skin are of vital importance for non-invasive procedures and diagnostics. Many methods have been developed for directly and indirectly determining the absorption and scattering properties of skin [12,13]. The recent interest in mid-infrared light [14] has revealed a lack of accepted absorption and scattering data in the 2 mm region of the spectrum.…”

“…Measuring the fundamental optical properties has been described as the most difficult task of tissue optics [19]. Most methods involve measuring the total reflected light intensity, the total transmitted light intensity (which includes forward scattered light), and the ballistic transmitted light intensity (which excludes scattered light) [12,13]. From these measurements, several calculation methods may be utilized to determine the optical properties of scattering coefficient m s , absorption coefficient m a , scattering anisotropy g, and index of refraction n. Chen also introduced a method to calculate the attenuation coefficient of skin from thermal imaging of skin heating during irradiation [20].…”