Late Alk4/5/7 signaling is required for anterior skeletal patterning in sea urchin embryos

Piacentino, Michael L.; Ramachandran, Janani; Bradham, Cynthia A.

doi:10.1242/dev.114322

Cited by 31 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(94 reference statements)

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“…This is an unexpected result, since the known ectodermal Tbx2/3 inducers are dorsal genes or signals (Su et al, 2009;Saudemont et al, 2010); however, little is known about the regulation of PMC-specific Tbx2/3 expression. We note that inhibition of ventral specification in L. variegatus embryos results in radial Tbx2/3 expression (data herein and Piacentino et al, 2015), suggesting that ventral signals locally suppress Tbx2/3 expression, which is otherwise globally induced.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

“…Previous work showed that sulfated proteoglycans regulate DV specification in sea urchin embryos (Bergeron et al, 2011) and consistent with those results, we found that removal of sulfur or addition of chlorate to early embryos perturbed the DV axis (not shown). To avoid this, we began each treatment at 10 h post fertilization (hpf ), after the DV axis is established, but before PMC ingression and migration (Bradham and McClay, 2006;Piacentino et al, 2015). Both treatments provoked uniformly low SPG levels, similar to results with SLC MO (Fig.…”

Section: Sb and Nickel Have Opposite Effects On Ectodermal Specificatmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…5, Fig. S7), as does inhibition of LvUnivin (Piacentino et al, 2015). It thus seems likely that SPGs, VEGF and Univin cooperate to direct secondary PMC migration (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Immunolabeling was performed as described (Bradham and McClay, 2006;Piacentino et al, 2015). Primary antibodies include PMC-specific 6a9 (1:5; from Charles Ettensohn, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) and ciliary band-specific 295 (undiluted; from David McClay, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA).…”

Section: Immunostaining and Confocal Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include the tripartite motif-containing protein Strim1, the transcription factors Pax2/5/8 and Otp, the signaling ligands FGF, Wnt5a, VEGF and the TGF-β ligand Univin. These genes are expressed in the ectoderm directly adjacent to sites of active biomineralization and with the exception of Univin, which is specifically required for patterning of the secondary skeletal elements (Piacentino et al, 2015), their loss of function (LOF) blocks skeletogenesis, indicating a role in regulating biomineralization (Di Bernardo et al, 1999;Cavalieri et al, 2003;Duloquin et al, 2007;Rottinger et al, 2008;Cavalieri et al, 2011;Adomako-Ankomah and Ettensohn, 2013). Gene products that specifically regulate primary PMC positioning but not biomineralization, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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RNA-Seq identifies SPGs as a ventral skeletal patterning cue in sea urchins

et al. 2016

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The sea urchin larval skeleton offers a simple model for formation of developmental patterns. The calcium carbonate skeleton is secreted by primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) in response to largely unknown patterning cues expressed by the ectoderm. To discover novel ectodermal cues, we performed an unbiased RNA-Seq-based screen and functionally tested candidates; we thereby identified several novel skeletal patterning cues. Among these, we show that SLC26a2/7 is a ventrally expressed sulfate transporter that promotes a ventral accumulation of sulfated proteoglycans, which is required for ventral PMC positioning and skeletal patterning. We show that the effects of SLC perturbation are mimicked by manipulation of either external sulfate levels or proteoglycan sulfation. These results identify novel skeletal patterning genes and demonstrate that ventral proteoglycan sulfation serves as a positional cue for sea urchin skeletal patterning.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Sb and Nickel Have Opposite Effects On Ectodermal Specificatmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…5, Fig. S7), as does inhibition of LvUnivin (Piacentino et al, 2015). It thus seems likely that SPGs, VEGF and Univin cooperate to direct secondary PMC migration (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Immunostaining and Confocal Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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RNA-Seq identifies SPGs as a ventral skeletal patterning cue in sea urchins

et al. 2016

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Embryo, larval, and juvenile staging of Lytechinus pictus from fertilization through sexual maturation

Nesbit

Hamdoun

2020

Developmental Dynamics

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Background: Sea urchin embryos have been used for more than a century in the study of fertilization and early development. However, several of the species used, such as Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, have long generation times making them suboptimal for transgenerational studies. Results: Here, we present an overview of the development of a rapidly developing echinoderm species, Lytechinus pictus, from fertilization through sexual maturation. When grown at room temperature (20 C) embryos complete the first cell cycle in 90 minutes, followed by subsequent cleavages every 45 minutes, leading to hatching at 9 hours postfertilization (hpf). The swimming embryos gastrulate from 12 to 36 hpf and produce the cells which subsequently give rise to the larval skeleton and immunocytes. Larvae begin to feed at 2 days and metamorphose by 3 weeks. Juveniles reach sexual maturity at 4 to 6 months of age, depending on individual growth rate. Conclusions: This staging scheme lays a foundation for future studies in L. pictus, which share many of the attractive features of other urchins but have the key advantage of rapid development to sexual maturation. This is significant for multigenerational and genetic studies newly enabled by CRISPR-CAS mediated gene editing.

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Direct TGF‐ß signaling via alk4/5/7 pathway is involved in gut bending in sea urchin embryos

Suzuki¹,

Yaguchi

2021

Developmental Dynamics

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Background Precise gastrulation is essential for formation of functional bodies in cnidarians and bilaterians. Previously, by using an alk4/5/7‐specific inhibitor, we showed that transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐ß)‐alk4/5/7 signaling pathway is important for correct gut bending in sea urchin embryos. However, it is still unclear where functional TGF‐ß signals are received in embryos for correct gut bending because details of the spatiotemporal expression pattern of alk4/5/7 have not been reported. Results We revealed that alk4/5/7 are expressed from the 2‐cell to early pluteus stage throughout the entire body, including the invaginating gut. To investigate whether TGF‐ß signals directly received in endoderm are required for correct gut bending, we made chimeras in which alk4/5/7 translation was inhibited only in endomesoderm lineage. As a result, the gut of the chimeric embryos did not bend precisely, in contrast to the control chimeras. Conclusion We conclude that direct TGF‐ß signaling to the endoderm via alk4/5/7 pathway regulates correct gut bending. However, TGF‐ß‐alk4/5/7 pathway is not related to mouth opening because the mouth is formed without TGF‐ß signaling to the endoderm. This research contributes to understanding the mechanisms leading to the proper positioning of the end of the archenteron for forming a through‐gut, which is commonly needed for bilaterians.

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Late Alk4/5/7 signaling is required for anterior skeletal patterning in sea urchin embryos

Cited by 31 publications

References 56 publications

RNA-Seq identifies SPGs as a ventral skeletal patterning cue in sea urchins

RNA-Seq identifies SPGs as a ventral skeletal patterning cue in sea urchins

Embryo, larval, and juvenile staging of Lytechinus pictus from fertilization through sexual maturation

Direct TGF‐ß signaling via alk4/5/7 pathway is involved in gut bending in sea urchin embryos

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