Late canopy closure delays senescence and promotes growth of the spring ephemeral wild leek (<i>Allium tricoccum</i>)

Dion, Pierre-Paul; Bussières, Julie; Lapointe, Line

doi:10.1139/cjb-2016-0317

Cited by 17 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Our finding that both trees and spring‐flowering forest herbs advanced their spring phenology in response to warming temperatures is consistent with previous studies and suggests that the response of plants to rising temperatures could increase the length of the growing season in temperate deciduous forests (Jacques et al, 2015; Menzel et al, 2006; Zohner & Renner, 2014; although see Zani et al, 2020). For spring‐flowering forest herbs, earlier emergence relative to tree leaf‐out could increase fitness since they produce most of their photosynthates in spring before canopy closure (Dion et al, 2017; Heberling, Cassidy, et al, 2019; Jacques et al, 2015). Those photosynthates are used not only for vegetative growth and reproduction but also for rhizomal resource storage (Ida & Kudo, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher‐latitude spring‐flowering herbs advance their phenology more than trees with warming temperatures

2022

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1. The phenologies of co-occurring trees and spring-blooming understory herbs in northeastern North American hardwood forests appear to be regulated by different environmental drivers -air temperature and soil temperature/snowpack, respectively. Accordingly, it has been hypothesized that climate change-driven asymmetry in the advancement of canopy leaf-out relative to the timing of understory growth could reduce photosynthetic rates and reproductive success of understory herbs through greater early-season shading.2. To determine whether trees and spring-flowering forest herbs are advancing their phenologies at different rates with respect to increasing global temperatures, we examined the phenological responses to warming of 10 species of trees and 11 species of spring-flowering forest herbs (8045 observations from 965 sites) in northeastern North America using 13 years of data collected by citizen scientists under the auspices of the USA-National Phenology Network.3. Contrary to expectation, the degree of advancement of leaf-out as a function of temperature was greater in spring-flowering forest herbs than in trees, with a mean response rate of −4.9 days/°C (95% BCI [−5.2, −4.6]) for spring-flowering forest herbs vs. −3.3 days/°C (95% BCI [−3.5, −3.1]) for trees. However, the response to temperature was not consistent across the latitudinal range, with spring-flowering forest herbs responding more strongly to warming than trees at middle (40-44°N) and higher (45-48°N) latitudes but not at lower latitudes (35-39°N). 4. Synthesis. In contrast to previous suggestions, our study shows spring-flowering forest herbs advancing their phenology at a higher rate than trees with respect to warming through most of the latitudinal range investigated, which could translate into a longer growing season and increased carbon uptake for springflowering forest herbs as spring temperatures rise.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher‐latitude spring‐flowering herbs advance their phenology more than trees with warming temperatures

2022

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“…A recent publication by Greco et al (2019) revealed a negative relation between E. americanum abundance and late canopy closure. This surprising observation is contrary to those of various other spring ephemerals, where growth is usually enhanced under a late canopy closure or reduced under early tree leaf-out (Kim et al ., 2015; Dion et al ., 2017; Heinrichs et al ., 2018). Abundance might be controlled, however, by factors differing from those affecting plant growth, e.g., factors that favour vegetative propagation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bulb growth potential is independent of leaf longevity for the spring ephemeralErythronium americanumKer-Gawl

Bertrand

Lapointe

2022

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Growth in most spring ephemerals is decreased under warmer temperatures. Although photosynthetic activities are improved at warmer temperatures, leaves senesce earlier, which prevents the bulb from reaching a larger size. A longer leaf life duration during a warm spring, therefore, may improve bulb mass. We tested this hypothesis by modulating leaf life span of Erythronium americanum through the application of Promalin® (PRO; cytokinins and gibberellins) that prolonged, or silver thiosulphate (STS) that reduced leaf duration. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured along with leaf and bulb carbohydrate concentrations. Plants were also pulse labelled with 13CO2 to monitor sugar transport to the bulb. Lower photosynthetic rates and shorter leaf life span of STS plants reduced the quantity of C that they assimilated during the season, resulting in a smaller bulb compared to Control plants. PRO plants maintained their photosynthetic rates for a longer period than Control plants, yet final bulb biomass did not differ between them. We conclude that seasonal growth for E. americanum is not limited by leaf life duration under warm growing conditions, but rather by limited sink growth capacity. Under global warming, spring geophytes might be at risk of being reduced in size and eventually, reproducing less frequently.HighlightWarmer springs negatively affect trout lily growth and delaying leaf senescence in this spring ephemeral does not translate into a larger bulb if temperatures remain high during springtime.

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“…The research on the relationship between light availability and plant growth for understory species that co-occur with American ginseng in the Eastern United States has been mixed. Dion et al (2017) found that greater light levels reaching the forest floor during the growing season-due to a forest canopy composed of species with late-season budburst-led to higher levels of growth in transplanted forest populations of Allium triccocum. Meanwhile, Sanders and McGraw (2005) found no relationship between light levels and growth of transplanted forest populations of Hydrastis canadensis, though higher light levels did correlate Table 1 The results from our Generalized Linear Mixed Effects Models (GLMs).…”

Section: Influence Of Forest Structure and Environmental Conditions On Ginseng Growth And Vigormentioning

confidence: 95%

Importance of environmental factors on plantings of wild-simulated American Ginseng

2021

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American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) is an herbaceous perennial plant native to the forests of eastern North America with a long history of use and harvest, and with a significant international market. To supply international demand, the plant is grown in the USA and Canada under artificial shade cloth. However, wild and wild-appearing ginseng roots command prices up to 100 times greater than roots cultivated in a field: $550–2200 (US$ dry kg) vs. $20–70 (US$ dry kg). Growing ginseng in a forested environment using a “wild-simulated” forest farming approach, where growers introduce ginseng into a forested environment and then let it grow with little to no intervention, allows forest farmers to access these higher prices and meet international demand. As climate change shifts growing conditions globally, there will be increasing opportunities for the forest farming of American ginseng internationally. In this study, we examined the main drivers of ginseng growth and development in a wild-simulated ginseng forest farm. We measured the range of environmental conditions and built statistical models to examine which factors were most important for ginseng vigor. We found that the amount of sunlight, even under highly shaded conditions, was the most important driver of ginseng establishment on the landscape, as well as ginseng plant size and development. Prior research indicates that additional factors including soil nutrient levels, moisture, and texture are important for the survival, growth, and development of wild and planted American ginseng, but our study did not show significant patterns of importance at this site. Our findings suggest that integrating silvicultural techniques such as forest thinning may enhance the productivity of wild-simulated ginseng operations while providing additional forest-based income with minimal impact on natural forest ecosystems.

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Late canopy closure delays senescence and promotes growth of the spring ephemeral wild leek (Allium tricoccum)

Cited by 17 publications

References 49 publications

Higher‐latitude spring‐flowering herbs advance their phenology more than trees with warming temperatures

Higher‐latitude spring‐flowering herbs advance their phenology more than trees with warming temperatures

Bulb growth potential is independent of leaf longevity for the spring ephemeralErythronium americanumKer-Gawl

Importance of environmental factors on plantings of wild-simulated American Ginseng

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