Late Cenozoic uplift of western Turkey: Improved dating of the Kula Quaternary volcanic field and numerical modelling of the Gediz River terrace staircase

Westaway, Rob; Guillou, Hervé; Yurtmen, Sema; Beck, Anthony; Bridgland, David R.; Demi̇r, Tuncer; Scaillet, Stéphane; Rowbotham, G.

doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.02.001

Cited by 73 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(243 reference statements)

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“…Mitchell and Westaway, 1999). Harvey and Wells (1987) interpreted this as evidence of epeirogenic (i.e., regional) uplift, onto which local effects of active faulting are superimposed, a view very similar to the ideas now emerging from other parts of the Mediterranean region (e.g., Mitchell and Westaway, 1999;Arger et al, 2000;Westaway et al, 2006b). …”

Section: Mediterranean Riversmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Active crustal deformation in this region has led to some atypical fluvial records, with rivers affected by faulting and volcanism (e.g., Ozaner, 1992;Bunbury et al, 2001;Westaway et al, 2005Westaway et al, , 2006bDemir et al, 2004). Another eastern Mediterranean fluvial archive that has come to light during IGCP 449 is from the Upper Orontes in Syria, studied by the present authors as part of long-running archaeological survey based on Homs .…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Assuming simple progressive uplift over this period, however, cannot provide a sensible explanation for the configuration of the terraces in the Sundays valley. Modelling a pulse of accelerated uplift in response to the Mid-Pleistocene Revolution, as is seen in well-dated sequences from other parts of the world (and demanded by the principles of lower crustal flow forcing -see above; Westaway et al, 2006b), provides a much better match for the Sundays terraces (Fig. 14).…”

Section: Southern Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This system is situated sufficiently far from any major active faults for it to be clear that it has responded to regional uplift, not local tectonic effects. In the vicinity of the Kula Quaternary volcanic field, this river has produced a staircase of terraces indicating ~400 m of incision since the Pliocene (e.g., Westaway et al, 2004Westaway et al, , 2006bMaddy et al, 2005).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, there are 11 high-level terraces (~200-140 m above the modern Gediz) that, from the available dating of the overlying basalt and from uplift-modelling constraints, may represent successive 41 ky (Early Pleistocene) Milankovitch cycles (Maddy et al, 2005;Westaway et al, 2006b). …”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climatically controlled river terrace staircases: A worldwide Quaternary phenomenon

2008

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R. (2007) 'Climatically controlled river terrace staircases : a worldwide quaternary phenomenon. ', Geomorphology.,. 285-315 . Further information on publisher's website:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph. 2006.12.032 Publisher's copyright statement:Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details.

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Section: Mediterranean Riversmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Southern Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climatically controlled river terrace staircases: A worldwide Quaternary phenomenon

2008

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Investigation of coupling between surface processes and induced flow in the lower continental crust as a cause of intraplate seismicity

Westaway

2006

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Many studies have highlighted the role of coupling between surface processes and flow in the lower continental crust in deforming the crust and creating topographic relief over Quaternary timescales. On the basis of the rheological knowledge gained, it is suggested that intraplate seismicity can also be caused by coupling between surface processes and flow in the lower continental crust. This view is shown to be a natural consequence of the modern idea that isostatic equilibrium is maintained by flow in the weak lower crust in response to erosion and sedimentation. It is supported by a general correlation between the vigour of surface processes and rates of intraplate seismicity, and by instances of seasonal seismicity that correlates with seasonal climate. Human interference in the environment can affect surface loading: for instance, deforestation for agriculture or urban development can cause increased erosion rates; global warming is expected to cause increased storminess (and thus increased erosion rates) and/or global sea-level rise. The possibility of increased rates of seismicity resulting from these processes should thus be considered in future hazard assessment.Surface processes as a cause of intraplate seismicity Figure 1. (a) Graph of estimated temperature T against depth z for the Palaeozoic continental crust beneath the Atlantic Coastal Plain (ACP) of South Carolina. Calculations use T , e.g., Lachenbruch, 1970), where T 0 is the mean surface temperature, K is the thermal conductivity of the crust, A 0 and D are the surface radiogenic heat production and its scale depth, and q 0 is the heat flow at the base of the lithosphere. T 0 is set to 20°C (cf. Bollinger et al., 1985). Values of K (3·29 W m −1°C−1 ) and A 0 (2·70 µW m −3 ) are from the borehole at Springfield, SC, ~150 km NW of Charleston. D = 8 km (typical for the ACP); q 0 is set to 48·5 mW m −2 (close to the 48·2 mW m −2 typical for the ACP) to give the observed surface heat flow at Springfield of 70·1 mW m −2 . All these geothermal data are from Costain et al. (1986). This calculated geotherm roughly matches the local ~15 km depth limit of seismicity (with 90 per cent of events shallower than 13 km), which is thought to represent thẽ 300°C isotherm (see, e.g., Bollinger et al., 1985), and indicates a Moho temperature (for 35 km depth) of 588°C. Extrapolated, it predicts the ~1400°C asthenosphere temperature at ~90 km depth, a conservative value given the ~80 km lithosphere thickness from seismic tomography (van der Lee, 2002). (b) Predicted variation of viscosity η with depth z across this lower crust, which from (a) is taken as spanning 15-35 km depth. η is calculated as η = η L exp(G/RT) (Westaway, 1998), where R is the molar gas constant (8·3143 J K −1 mol −1 ) and T(z) is the temperature predicted at each depth in (a). G (150 kJ mol −1 ) and η L (6·67 × 10 7 Pa s) parametrize the lower-crustal rheology (see Table I). Figure 2.Diagram illustrating an eroding region that provides the sediment source for an adjacent depocentre, with isost...

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Catchment response to lava damming: integrating field observation, geochronology and landscape evolution modelling

Gorp

Schoorl

Temme

et al. 2016

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Combining field reconstruction and landscape evolution modelling can be useful to investigate the relative role of different drivers on catchment response. The Geren Catchment (~45 km2) in western Turkey is suitable for such a study, as it has been influenced by uplift, climate change and lava damming. Four Middle Pleistocene lava flows (40Ar/39Ar‐ dated from 310 to 175 ka) filled and dammed the Gediz River at the Gediz–Geren confluence, resulting in base‐level fluctuations of the otherwise uplift‐driven incising river. Field reconstruction and luminescence dating suggest fluvial terraces in the Geren Catchment are capped by Middle Pleistocene aggradational fills. This showed that incision of the Geren trunk stream has been delayed until the end of MIS 5. Subsequently, the catchment has responded to base‐level lowering since MIS 4 by 30 m of stepped net incision. Field reconstruction left us with uncertainty on the main drivers of terrace formation. Therefore, we used landscape evolution modelling to investigate catchment response to three scenarios of base‐level change: (i) uplift with climate change (rainfall and vegetation based on arboreal pollen); (ii) uplift, climate change and short‐lived damming events; (iii) uplift, climate and long‐lived damming events. Outputs were evaluated for erosion–aggradation evolution in trunk streams at two different distances from the catchment outlet. Climate influences erosion–aggradation activity in the catchment, although internal feedbacks influence timing and magnitude. Furthermore, lava damming events partly control if and where these climate‐driven aggradations occur. Damming thus leaves a legacy on current landscape evolution. Catchment response to long‐duration damming events corresponds best with field reconstruction and dating. The combination of climate and base level explains a significant part of the landscape evolution history of the Geren Catchment. By combining model results with fieldwork, additional conclusions on landscape evolution could be drawn. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Late Cenozoic uplift of western Turkey: Improved dating of the Kula Quaternary volcanic field and numerical modelling of the Gediz River terrace staircase

Cited by 73 publications

References 84 publications

Climatically controlled river terrace staircases: A worldwide Quaternary phenomenon

Climatically controlled river terrace staircases: A worldwide Quaternary phenomenon

Investigation of coupling between surface processes and induced flow in the lower continental crust as a cause of intraplate seismicity

Catchment response to lava damming: integrating field observation, geochronology and landscape evolution modelling

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