Late‐Phase Allergic Reactions in Humans

Cytological Changes in Nasal Secretions Accompanying Delayed Nasal Response to Allergen Challenge

“…According to the aforementioned outcomes, our previous results, 4,11–13 and other investigators’ findings, 7,9,10,14,18,19,22,34,50 immediate hypersensitivity may play the pivotal role in the INR, 1–4,7,18,19,22,34 and in some modification(s) probably also in the LNR. 2,4,7,9,10,14,18,19,34,50…”

“…According to the aforementioned outcomes, our previous results, 4,11-13 and other investigators' findings, 7,9,10,14,18,19,22,34,50 immediate hypersensitivity may play the pivotal role in the INR, [1][2][3][4]7,18,19,22,34 and in some modification(s) probably also in the LNR. 2,4,7,9,10,14,18,19,34,50 Although the exact mechanism(s) underlying the DYNR is not definitely clarified, a role of the cell-mediated hypersensitivity mechanism in that NR type could probably be assumed regarding the following facts and indicators: (1) the clinical course and features (appearance of DYNR later than 24 hours after the allergen exposure) [4][5][6]11,39 ; (2) the absence of allergen-specific IgE antibody in NSs and peripheral blood [4][5][6]11,45,46 ; (3) almost full absence of mast cells and eosinophils, whereas significant changes of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes in NSs during the DYNR 4,37,38,45 ; (4) histological findings in the nasal mucosa biopsy specimens during the DYAR showing reversible damage...…”

“…4,12,13 However, the current or already passing involvement of particular cell types in the allergic reaction located in the nasal mucosa can only be evaluated by comparing their counts and conditions before and repeatedly after a certain and well-defined event, which is a nasal challenge with a certain allergen. 4,7,12–21,24 The cytologic examination of the NSs is an easy, noninvasive, and valuable technique for evaluation of the changes in the cells appearing in the NSs during a particular NR type to allergen challenge 4,12–19,22–34 However, this method is limited only to NSs and does not indicate fully the cellular events in the nasal mucosa, which can only be derived from a biopsy 4,9,10,20,21,49,50…”

“…4,7,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]24 The cytologic examination of the NSs is an easy, noninvasive, and valuable technique for evaluation of the changes in the cells appearing in the NSs during a particular NR type to allergen challenge 4,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] However, this method is limited only to NSs and does not indicate fully the cellular events in the nasal mucosa, which can only be derived from a biopsy. 4,9,10,20,21,49,50 In most studies concerning the cytological examination in patients with allergic rhinitis, the cells released into the nasal cavity have been collected by means of NLF with PBS or other solutions. 24,26,33,51 In our study the NS specimens were collected by blowing the nose onto ...…”

Editorial

“…2,4,7,9,10,14,18,19,34,50 Although the exact mechanism(s) underlying the DYNR is not definitely clarified, a role of the cell-mediated hypersensitivity mechanism in that NR type could probably be assumed regarding the following facts and indicators: (1) the clinical course and features (appearance of DYNR later than 24 hours after the allergen exposure) 4-6,11,39 ; (2) the absence of allergen-specific IgE antibody in NSs and peripheral blood 4-6,11,45,46 ; (3) almost full absence of mast cells and eosinophils, whereas significant changes of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes in NSs during the DYNR 4,37,38,45 ; (4) histological findings in the nasal mucosa biopsy specimens during the DYAR showing reversible damage of the nasal mucosa and indicating a genuine inflammation process 4,35,45 ; (5) our preliminary, not yet fully published results, of increased myeloperoxidase, LTB 4 , PGF 2␣ , IFN-␥, IL-2, and transforming growth factor ␤, in NSs during the DYNR, whereas mediators and cytokines typical for immediate hypersensitivity mechanism(s) on involvement of mast cells, eosinophils, and Th 2 cells, such as histamine, tryptase, ECP, LTC 4 , PGD 2 , IL-4, IL-5, IL-12p40, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor were absent 4,40,45,55 ; (6) our previous pharmacologic studies showed significant protection of DYNR by glucocorticosteroids but not by cromolyn, whereas the INR was significantly protected by cromolyn but not by glucocorticosteroids, and the LNR was protected by both the drugs. 4,36,38,[45][46][47][48] Nevertheless, additional studies will be necessary to clarify satisfactorily the DYNR and the underlying immunologic mechanism(s).…”