Late Pleistocene surface rupture history of the Paeroa Fault, Taupo Rift, New Zealand

Berryman, Kelvin; Villamor, Pilar; Nairn, I. A.; Dissen, Russ Van; Begg, John; Lee, Julie

doi:10.1080/00288300809509855

Cited by 54 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…It is a northeast-striking (040 to 050°) normal fault; strata in the Te Weta fault block within the Taupo fault belt have been downthrown relative to strata to the southeast in the Paeroa fault block within the Taupo-Reporoa Basin (Figs. 2 and 3A-3B; Berryman et al, 2008). The fault scarp increases in elevation for ~13 km along its length (starting on September 1, 2014 gsabulletin.gsapubs.org Downloaded from at the southwestern end near the Waikato River), and the greatest relief of >500 m coincides with the highest elevation in the Paeroa fault block (Figs.…”

Section: Paeroa Faultmentioning

confidence: 97%

Age and eruptive center of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites (Whakamaru Group) within the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand

Downs

Wilson

Cole

et al. 2014

Geological Society of America Bulletin

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We here explore the temporal and spatial relationships between the contrasting sources for two eruptive episodes that collectively represent the Whakamaru Group, the largest ignimbrite-forming sequence in the ~2 m.y. history of the Taupo Volcanic Zone in New Zealand. At 349 ± 4 ka (weighted mean at 2σ), the >1500 km 3 widespread Whakamaru Group ignimbrites and ~700 km 3 Rangitawa Tephra fallout were erupted in association with collapse of the 40 km long by 25 km wide rectilinear Whakamaru caldera. New 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age data presented here show that the co-magmatic >110 km 3 Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites, previously included as part of the Whakamaru Group, are slightly younger and were erupted at 339 ± 5 ka (weighted mean at 2σ). New fi eld evidence also presented here demonstrates that the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites came from a source geographically separated from vents for the widespread Whakamaru Group ignimbrites. The presence of co-ignimbrite lag breccias, sizes of vent-derived lithic clasts, thicknesses of exposed and subsurface deposits, and morphologies of deposits imply that eruptions of the Paeroa Subgroup occurred from a linear source (the Paeroa linear vent zone), coinciding with the present-day northeast-striking Paeroa fault, and outside (northeast) of the earlier Whakamaru caldera collapse area. No separate caldera has been recognized, although three nearby areas may have undergone eruption-related subsidence. Residual magma from the Whakamaru or adjacent Kapenga caldera areas may have migrated toward the Paeroa linear vent zone during eruptive episodes, resulting in subsidence in either, or both, of these areas. Shallow plutons are also inferred to lie beneath near source fault blocks (Paeroa and Te Weta) on each side of the fault, and eruption-related subsidence may have been expressed as movement across the Paeroa fault and localized subsidence in the southern Paeroa fault block. Subsequent secular, rift-related displacement along the Paeroa fault has obscured the Paeroa linear vent zone.

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Section: Paeroa Faultmentioning

confidence: 97%

Age and eruptive center of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites (Whakamaru Group) within the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand

Downs

Wilson

Cole

et al. 2014

Geological Society of America Bulletin

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“…3 for the composition of deposits erupted from each vent underlain by magma (Lara et al 2004;Nostro et al 1998). Berryman et al (2004) note a temporal link between fault ruptures and OVC eruptions, suggesting large and/or shallow seismic events are associated with the eruptions. Their paleoseismic studies on the 27 km-long Paeroa Fault (Fig.…”

Section: Triggeringmentioning

confidence: 97%

Geochemistry and magmatic properties of eruption episodes from Haroharo linear vent zone, Okataina Volcanic Centre, New Zealand during the last 10 kyr

et al. 2006

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Post-10 ka rhyolitic eruptions from the Haroharo linear vent zone, Okataina Volcanic Centre, have occurred from several simultaneously active vents spread over 12 km. Two of the three eruption episodes have tapped multiple compositionally distinct homogeneous magma batches. Three magmas totalling~8 km 3 were erupted during the 9.5 ka Rotoma episode. The most evolved Rotoma magma (SiO 2 =76.5-77.9 wt%, Sr=96-112 ppm) erupted from a southeastern vent, and is characterised by a cummingtonite-dominant mineralogy, a temperature of 739±14°C, and f O 2 of NNO+0.52±0.11. The least evolved (SiO 2 =75.0-76.4 wt%, Sr=128-138 ppm, orthopyroxene+ hornblende-dominant) Rotoma magma erupted from several vents, and was hotter (764±18°C) and more reduced (NNO+0.40±0.13). The~11 km 3 Whakatane episode occurred at 5.6 ka and also erupted three magmas, each from a separate vent. The most evolved (SiO 2 = 73.3-76.2 wt%, Sr=88-100 ppm) Whakatane magma erupted from the southwestern (Makatiti) vent and is cummingtonite-dominant, cool (745±11°C), and reduced (NNO+0.34±0.08). The least evolved (SiO 2 =72.8-74.1 wt%, Sr=132-134 ppm) magma was erupted from the northeastern (Pararoa) vent and is characterised by an orthopyroxene+ hornblende-dominant mineralogy, temperature of 764±18°C, and f O 2 of NNO+0.40±0.13. Compositionally intermediate magmas were erupted during the Rotoma and Whakatane episodes are likely to be hybrids. A single~13 km 3 magma erupted during the intervening 8.1 ka Mamaku episode was relatively homogeneous in composition (SiO 2 =76.1-76.8 wt%, Sr= 104-112 ppm), temperature (736±18°C), and oxygen fugacity (NNO+0.19±0.12). Some of the vents tapped a single magma while others tapped several. Deposit stratigraphy suggests that the eruptions alternated between magmas, which were often simultaneously erupted from separate vents. Both effusive and explosive activity alternated, but was predominantly effusive (>75% erupted as lava domes and flows). The plumbing systems which fed the vents are inferred to be complex, with magma experiencing different conditions in the conduits. As the eruption of several magmas was essentially concurrent, the episodes were likely triggered by a common event such as magmatic intrusion or seismic disturbance.

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“…(3) palaeoseismicity (de Lange and Lowe, 1990;Nicol et al, 2006;Berryman et al, 2008); (4) sedimentary or volcanic successions Wohlfarth et al, 2006); (5) glacial processes and ice-cap response to climate change Dugmore, 2006, 2008); (6) accelerated soil erosion (Page and Trustrum, 1997;Dugmore et al, 2009);…”

Section: Classical and Recent Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tephrochronology and its application: A review

Lowe

2011

Quaternary Geochronology

650

535

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Tephrochronology (from tephra, Gk "ashes") is a unique stratigraphic method for linking, dating, and synchronizing geological, palaeoenvironmental, or archaeological sequences or events. As well as utilizing the Law of Superposition, tephrochronology in practise requires tephra deposits to be characterized (or "fingerprinted") using physical properties evident in the field together with those obtained from laboratory analyses. Such analyses include mineralogical examination (petrography) or geochemical analysis of glass shards or crystals using an electron microprobe or other analytical tools including laser-ablation-based mass spectrometry or the ion microprobe. The palaeoenvironmental or archaeological context in which a tephra occurs may also be useful for correlational purposes. Tephrochronology provides greatest utility when a numerical age obtained for a tephra or cryptotephra is transferrable from one site to another using stratigraphy and by comparing and matching inherent compositional features of the deposits with a high degree of likelihood. Used this way, tephrochronology is an age-equivalent dating method that provides an exceptionally precise volcanic-event stratigraphy. Such age transfers are valid because the primary tephra deposits from an eruption essentially have the same short-lived age everywhere they occur, forming isochrons very soon after the eruption (normally within a year).As well as providing isochrons for palaeoenvironmental and archaeological reconstructions, tephras through their geochemical analysis allow insight into volcanic and magmatic processes, and provide a comprehensive record of explosive volcanism and recurrence rates in the Quaternary (or earlier) that can be used to establish time-space relationships of relevance to volcanic hazard analysis.The basis and application of tephrochronology as a central stratigraphic and geochronological tool for Quaternary studies are presented and discussed in this review. Topics covered include principles of tephrochronology, defining isochrons, tephra nomenclature, mapping and correlating tephras from proximal to distal locations at metre-through to sub-3 millimetre-scale, cryptotephras, mineralogical and geochemical fingerprinting methods, numerical and statistical correlation techniques, and developments and applications in dating including the use of flexible depositional age-modelling techniques based on Bayesian statistics.Along with reference to wide-ranging examples and the identification of important recent advances in tephrochronology, such as the development of new geoanalytical approaches that enable individual small glass shards to be analysed near-routinely for major, trace, and rare-earth elements, potential problems such as miscorrelation, erroneous-age transfer, and tephra reworking and taphonomy (especially relating to cryptotephras) are also examined. Some of the challenges for future tephrochronological studies include refining geochemical analytical methods further, improving understanding of cryptotephra dis...

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Late Pleistocene surface rupture history of the Paeroa Fault, Taupo Rift, New Zealand

Cited by 54 publications

References 29 publications

Age and eruptive center of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites (Whakamaru Group) within the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand

Age and eruptive center of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites (Whakamaru Group) within the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand

Geochemistry and magmatic properties of eruption episodes from Haroharo linear vent zone, Okataina Volcanic Centre, New Zealand during the last 10 kyr

Tephrochronology and its application: A review

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