Late retirement is not associated with increased mortality, results based on all Swedish retirements 1991–2007

Carlsson, Sofia; Andersson, Tomas; Michaëlsson, Karl; Vågerö, Denny; Ahlbom, Anders

doi:10.1007/s10654-012-9696-4

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Seventeen studies investigated the association between early retirement and mortality, 26–29 31 37 38 40 41 45 46 51–56 while three studies investigated the association between on-time retirement and mortality. 35 57 58 One study investigated the association between early retirement and mortality, as well as the association between on-time retirement and mortality. 34 Four studies investigated the influence of a change in the retirement age or the influence of having a mandatory retirement rule at work compared with no mandatory retirement rule.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…30 More recently, several studies have assessed the impact of retirement age on mortality, but they have also had mixed findings. 31–46 A summary of available evidence on this topic and an analysis of whether and to what extent prior health status influences the association between retirement and mortality would help to clarify the situation. In addition, possible gender differences in this context are important to consider since in some countries women have a lower retirement age, and women live longer than men in general worldwide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Association between retirement and mortality: working longer, living longer? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Sewdas¹,

Wind

Stenholm

et al. 2020

J Epidemiol Community Health

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AimThis study summarised available evidence on the association between early and on-time retirement, compared with continued working, and mortality. Moreover, this study investigated whether and to what extent gender, adjustment for demographics and prior health status influence this association.MethodsA systematic literature search of longitudinal studies was conducted. A qualitative analysis of the included studies was performed, followed by a meta-regression analysis to assess the influence of gender, prior health and demographics. Random-effects models were used in a meta-analysis to estimate the pooled effects for relevant subgroups identified in the meta-regression.ResultsIn total, 25 studies were included. Adjustment for prior health and demographics influenced the association between retirement and mortality (p<0.05). The results of the meta-analysis of 12 studies are presented for ‘insufficiently adjusted’ and ‘fully adjusted’ subgroups. There was no association between early retirement and mortality compared with working until retirement (fully adjusted subgroup: HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.28). On-time retirement was associated with a higher risk of mortality compared with working beyond retirement (insufficiently adjusted subgroup: HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.41 to 1.73). However, in the subgroup that adjusted for prior health, on-time retirement was not associated with mortality (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.28).ConclusionEarly retirement was not associated with a higher risk of mortality. On-time retirement was associated with a higher risk of mortality, which might reflect the healthy worker effect. It is important to consider information on prior health and demographics when studying the association between retirement and mortality to avoid biased findings.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between retirement and mortality: working longer, living longer? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Sewdas¹,

Wind

Stenholm

et al. 2020

J Epidemiol Community Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Black et al (2002) find receipt of disability benefits for areas within the USA to be strongly influenced by availability of jobs. Similarly, it is plausible to suggest that potentially health-damaging effects of certain occupations at the older ages hold outside the UK (Westerlund 2009;Carlsson et al 2012). As noted in the introduction, the existence of spatial health inequalities within countries is an international issue (as are pockets of high unemployment and deprivation) and so we might expect migration and premature mortality to play a similar role in the creation of retirement kinks outside the UK.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Geographies of the impact of retirement on health in the United Kingdom

Marshall

Norman

2013

Health & Place

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This paper explores how the impact of retirement on self-assessed illness varies spatially across the UK. Curves of age-specific limiting long term illness rates reveal a 'retirement kink' -where the rise in illness rates with age slows or declines at retirement age indicating possible health improvement after retirement. The kink is negligible in the affluent South East and most prominent in the coalfield and former industrial districts. It is likely that the kink is attributable to hidden unemployment and health-related selective migration but additionally that in certain areas retirement is associated with improvements in self-assessed health.

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“…In global areas with high concentrations of centenarians (Buettner 2012), most long-lived individuals have remained physically and socially active, embracing rather than avoiding challenge. Much research shows an association between early retirement and increased mortality risk, even after adjusting for various selection artifacts (Bamia et al 2008, Carlsson et al 2012.…”

Section: Challenge and Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality, Well-Being, and Health

Frıedman

Kern

2014

Annu. Rev. Psychol.

443

317

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A lifespan perspective on personality and health uncovers new causal pathways and provides a deeper, more nuanced approach to interventions. It is unproven that happiness is a direct cause of good health or that negative emotion, worry, and depression are significant direct causes of disease. Instead, depression-related characteristics are likely often reflective of an already-deteriorating trajectory. It is also unproven that challenging work in a demanding environment usually brings long-term health risks; on the contrary, individual strivings for accomplishment and persistent dedication to one's career or community often are associated with sizeable health benefits. Overall, a substantial body of recent research reveals that conscientiousness plays a very significant role in health, with implications across the lifespan. Much more caution is warranted before policy makers offer narrow health recommendations based on short-term or correlational findings. Attention should be shifted to individual trajectories and pathways to health and well-being.

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Late retirement is not associated with increased mortality, results based on all Swedish retirements 1991–2007

Cited by 13 publications

References 9 publications

Association between retirement and mortality: working longer, living longer? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Association between retirement and mortality: working longer, living longer? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Geographies of the impact of retirement on health in the United Kingdom

Personality, Well-Being, and Health

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