Latency-Aware IoT Service Provisioning in UAV-Aided Mobile-Edge Computing Networks

Energy Optimization in Dual-RIS UAV-Aided MEC-Enabled Internet of Vehicles

“…More specifically, the UAV-based dual-RIS, vehicles-side RIS, and GRSU-side RIS deployment strategies are investigated. In addition, a less complex UAV-based scenario is also studied, which does not include RIS units and was extensively studied in previous works (e.g., [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 24 , 25 ]). It is obvious that the number of supported vehicles changes by adopting a particular setup.…”

“…These results were obtained using MATLAB 2020a and the popular MATLAB-based CVX modeling framework for disciplined convex programming [61]. Figure 2 shows the simulation setup with pre-determined benchmark trajectories of three vehicles and the ARSU over the horizontal plane within a given rectangular area of 1000 m ×100 m. The initial coordinates (in meters) of the 1st vehicle, 2nd vehicle, 3rd vehicle, ARSU, 1st RIS, GRSU, and 2nd RIS are [1]) = (400, 100, 80), x R 1 , y R 1 , z R 1 = (−100, 50,20), (x G , y G , z G ) = (750, 30,5), and x R 2 , y R 2 , z R 2 = (900, 50, 20), respectively. Without loss of generality, it is considered that the vehicles are moving with a constant speed and all have an identical task requirement per timeslot.…”

“…Optimization Target [5] Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) Computation offloading Lower bound of expected reliability [6] Vehicular network Mobile edge computing (MEC), cloud computing Offloading decisions [7] Internet of Vehicles (IoV) MEC Energy efficiency [8] Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) MEC Resource allocation [9] Internet of Things (IoT) Vehicular edge computing (VEC) Resource allocation [10] Vehicular network VEC, software-defined networking (SDN) Processing delay [11] Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and V2I VEC, geolocation information Reliable data retrieval [12] IoV MEC, edge intelligence Total network delay [16] Cellular network MEC, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) Energy consumption [17] Computing system MEC, UAV Energy consumption [18] Computing system MEC, UAV Maximum Delay and trajectory [19] Computing system MEC, UAV Task completion time [20] IoT MEC, UAV Average latency [21] Computing system MEC, UAV Computation efficiency [22] Computing system MEC, UAV, wireless power transfer (WPT) Computation rate [23] IoT Centralized and distributed MEC, UAV Energy efficiency [24] IoT MEC, UAV Energy consumption [25] Social IoV (SIoV) MEC, UAV Resource allocation and trajectory [26] Vehicular network MEC, UAV, SDN Task execution time [27] Computing system MEC, UAV, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) Bit allocation and trajectory [28] Computing system MEC, UAV, stochastic offloading Energy consumption [29] Vehicular network MEC, UAV, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Energy consumption [32] Communication system UAV, reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) Achievable rate [33] Communication system UAV, RIS Sum-rate [34] IoT UAV, RIS Decoding error rate [35] Computing system MEC, RIS Latency [36] IoT MEC, RIS Sum computational bits [37] Computing system MEC, RIS, NOMA Delay [38] Computing…”

“…In previous work, a UAV was employed to assist an access point (AP) in providing MEC services to ground users (GUs) in an energy-efficient manner [ 16 ]. Identical MEC schemes were also envisioned to optimize the energy consumption [ 17 ], the maximum delay [ 18 ], the task completion time [ 19 ], the average latency [ 20 ], and the computation efficiency [ 21 ]. Furthermore, energy harvesting and wireless power transfer (WPT) were introduced to prolong the network’s operation time and an optimization problem was formulated to maximize the computation rate [ 22 ].…”

“…As the UAVs fly in a three-dimensional (3-D) space and above rooftops, especial geometrical and mobility characteristics are introduced. Table 1 provides a brief description of the key elements of the aforementioned previous works, which give emphasis either on MEC IoV architectures, where the vehicles’ computing tasks are completed without cooperation of UAVs [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]; or UAV-enabled MEC network architectures that do not include RIS units [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]; or RIS-assisted UAV networks without MEC capabilities [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]; or RIS-assisted MEC network architectures with only ground-based nodes [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ].…”