Latent extinction as a function of number and duration of pre-extinction exposures.

Dyal, James A.

doi:10.1037/h0045056

Cited by 27 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In contrast, in view of evidence that rats can learn the topographical relationships among extra-maze stimuli and that the hippocampus (e.g., O'Keefe et al 1975;O'Keefe and Conway 1980) mediates this form of learning, it is possible that latent extinction involves the acquisition of "cognitive" (Tolman 1932) information, indicating that the spatial context is no longer associated with food reward. Consistent with this suggestion, latent extinction is particularly robust in open mazes providing visual access to extra-maze cues (Dyal 1962).…”

supporting

confidence: 63%

D-Cycloserine enhances memory consolidation of hippocampus-dependent latent extinction

Gabriele¹,

Packard²

2007

Learn. Mem.

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Adult male Long-Evans rats were trained to run in a straight-alley maze for food reward and subsequently received hippocampus-dependent latent extinction training. Immediately following latent extinction, rats received peripheral injections of the NMDA receptor partial agonist D-cycloserine (DCS, 15 mg/kg), or saline. Twenty-four hours later, rats received four extinction "probe" trials. Relative to saline controls, latencies to reach the goal box on probe trials were significantly higher in rats that had received DCS. These findings indicate that memory consolidation underlying hippocampus-dependent latent extinction, a cognitive form of learning in which the previously rewarded response is not made during extinction training, can be enhanced by NMDA-receptor agonism.Behavioral extinction is operationalized as a reduction of a previously acquired response, and this process can involve new learning (for review, see Bouton 2004). The initial acquisition of learned behavior involves multiple memory systems (for review, see Packard 2001) and we have recently expanded this view to the study of the new learning underlying behavioral extinction (Gabriele and Packard 2006). We used a task in which extinction of the same overt behavior could be achieved using either a "response" or "latent" extinction training procedure. In contrast to typical extinction training that involves performance of a previously reinforced response, during latent extinction training no overt response is made. For example, a food-rewarded approach response in a straight-alley maze can be extinguished by placing the animal in the goal box in the absence of reward (Seward and Levy 1949). Consistent with the hypothesis that multiple memory systems play a role in the learning that occurs during extinction, we observed that the learning underlying response and latent extinction of runway behavior is neuroanatomically dissociable. Specifically, neural inactivation of the hippocampus prevented latent extinction of maze runway behavior, but did not block response extinction of the same behavior (Gabriele and Packard 2006). Latent extinction is conducive to a cognitive learning process in which an expectancy (Tolman 1932) of food reward can be altered without performance of the previously acquired response (Seward and Levy 1949). According to the multiple memory systems hypothesis, the hippocampus is selectively involved in cognitive learning and memory (e.g., Hirsh 1974;Mishkin and Petri 1984), and the impairment of latent extinction produced by hippocampal inactivation is consistent with this view.Although our previous study using a reversible lesion technique implicates the hippocampus in latent extinction, the findings do not provide any information concerning the neurochemical basis of this form of cognitive learning. Various neurotransmitter systems play a role in extinction (for review, see Mason 1983) and several recent studies have focused on the role of glutamatergic neurotransmission (for review, see Davis and Myers 2002). For example, adminis...

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supporting

confidence: 63%

D-Cycloserine enhances memory consolidation of hippocampus-dependent latent extinction

Gabriele¹,

Packard²

2007

Learn. Mem.

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“…Latency to reach the previous location of the platform was used as a measure of extinction. Latency has served as the predominant measure of latent extinction in extensive previous research (Seward and Levy, ; Deese, 1951; Moltz, ; Denny and Ratner, ; Dyal, ; Clifford, ; Gabriele and Packard, ; Gabriele et al, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For latent extinction, animals are simply confined to the original goal location with the empty food well, presumably “informing” the animal that the goal location no longer contains food (Seward and Levy, ). The effectiveness of latent extinction was a historically significant finding in learning theory, because it demonstrated that extinction could occur without performance of the previously learned response (Seward and Levy, ; Deese, 1951; Moltz, ; Denny and Ratner, ; Dyal, ; Clifford, ). Evidence from our laboratory using neural inactivation indicates that whereas the DLS mediates response extinction, the hippocampus mediates latent extinction of straight alley maze performance (Gabriele and Packard, ; Gabriele, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hippocampus NMDA receptors selectively mediate latent extinction of place learning

2016

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Extinction of maze learning may be achieved with or without the animal performing the previously acquired response. In typical "response extinction," animals are given the opportunity to make the previously acquired approach response toward the goal location of the maze without reinforcement. In "latent extinction," animals are not given the opportunity to make the previously acquired response and instead are confined to the previous goal location without reinforcement. Previous evidence indicates that the effectiveness of these protocols may depend on the type of memory being extinguished. Thus, one aim of the present study was to further examine the effectiveness of response and latent extinction protocols across dorsolateral striatum (DLS)-dependent response learning and hippocampus-dependent place learning tasks. In addition, previous neural inactivation experiments indicate a selective role for the hippocampus in latent extinction, but have not investigated the precise neurotransmitter mechanisms involved. Thus, the present study also examined whether latent extinction of place learning might depend on NMDA receptor activity in the hippocampus. In experiment 1, adult male Long-Evans rats were trained in a response learning task in a water plus-maze, in which animals were reinforced to make a consistent body-turn response to reach an invisible escape platform. Results indicated that response extinction, but not latent extinction, was effective at extinguishing memory in the response learning task. In experiment 2, rats were trained in a place learning task, in which animals were reinforced to approach a consistent spatial location containing the hidden escape platform. In experiment 2, animals also received intra-hippocampal infusions of the NMDA receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphopentanoic acid (AP5; 5.0 or 7.5 ug/0.5 µg) or saline vehicle immediately before response or latent extinction training. Results indicated that both extinction protocols were effective at extinguishing memory in the place learning task. In addition, intra-hippocampal AP5 (7.5 µg) impaired latent extinction, but not response extinction, suggesting that hippocampal NMDA receptors are selectively involved in latent extinction. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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“…When many studies are cited in support of one of our conclusions, the supporting references are shown in Table 1 Rosas & Bouton (1997) Welker & McAuley (1978 Characteristic 4: Stimulus exposure A. Latent extinction increases Dyal (1962) Stanley & Rowe (1954) A. Thomas (1958) Baum (1969aBaum ( .…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

Common Processes May Contribute to Extinction and Habituation

McSweeney

Swindell

2002

The Journal of General Psychology

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Psychologists routinely attribute the characteristics of conditioned behavior to complicated cognitive processes. For example, many of the characteristics of behavior undergoing extinction have been attributed to retrieval from memory. The authors argue that these characteristics may result from the simpler process of habituation. In particular, conditioned responding may decrease during extinction partially because habituation occurs to the stimuli that control responding when those stimuli are presented repeatedly or for a prolonged time (e.g., the experimental context, the conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning). This idea is parsimonious, has face validity, and evokes only processes that are well established by other evidence. In addition, behavior undergoing extinction shows 12 of the fundamental properties of behavior undergoing habituation. However, this model probably cannot provide a complete theory of extinction. It provides no obvious explanation for some of the other characteristics of extinguished behavior.

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Latent extinction as a function of number and duration of pre-extinction exposures.

Cited by 27 publications

References 4 publications

D-Cycloserine enhances memory consolidation of hippocampus-dependent latent extinction

D-Cycloserine enhances memory consolidation of hippocampus-dependent latent extinction

Hippocampus NMDA receptors selectively mediate latent extinction of place learning

Common Processes May Contribute to Extinction and Habituation

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