Latent inhibition: The effect of nonreinforced pre-exposure to the conditional stimulus.

Lubow, R. E.; Moore, Albert

doi:10.1037/h0046700

Cited by 805 publications

(553 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, it is possible that the training in the Group Paired retarded acquisition of the noise-sucrose association in testing for a reason other than inhibitory learning. If paired training produced a greater reduction in attention to the noise than unpaired training, for example, then one would expect slower acquisition of the noise-sucrose association (e.g., Lubow & Moore, 1959), regardless of the status of noise-tone associations. Although there is no obvious reason to expect such an effect on attention, this possibility was explored in Experiment 1b.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excitatory and inhibitory learning with absent stimuli.

Wheeler¹,

Sherwood²,

Holland³

2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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Three experiments show that two associatively-activated stimulus representations may engage in excitatory or inhibitory learning, depending on their temporal relationship. Experiment 1a suggested that simultaneously-activated stimulus representations show evidence of inhibitory learning in an acquisition test. Experiment 1b showed similar evidence of inhibition in a summation test. Experiment 2 found that activation of two stimulus representations in a serial compound resulted in excitatory learning between the antecedent and the subsequent (forward), and inhibitory learning between the subsequent and the antecedent (backward). The results show the dynamic influence of temporal contiguity on mediated learning.In a Pavlovian conditioning situation, a stimulus that is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) comes to elicit a conditioned response. Learning theorists often assume that this learning involves the formation of associations between this stimulus (the conditioned stimulus, CS) and the US, such that subsequent presentations of the CS alone activate the representation of the US. It is this associatively-activated representation that produces much of the conditioned responding that is attributed to the CS. Although this concept is popular among theories of learning, and throughout associative models in psychology, there is some dispute concerning the properties possessed by associatively-activated stimulus representations. They are often assumed to represent at least a portion of the directlyexperienced stimulus, but some theories suggest that an associatively-activated stimulus representation may differ from its directly-activated counterpart in many ways.Investigations conducted by Holland and colleagues elucidated some of the associative properties possessed by associatively-activated stimulus representations. In a conditioned taste aversion preparation with rats, Holland (1981) showed that a taste aversion can be learned in a situation in which the taste CS and the illness-inducing US are never directly paired with each other. Holland (1981, Exp. 1) first paired a tone with a flavored food, and later paired that tone with an illness-inducing injection of LiCl. Rats that received this treatment showed an aversion to the flavored food, compared to rats that received a similar treatment, but with unpaired presentations of the tone and flavor or of the tone and LiCl. Holland (1981) asserted that learning of the food aversion was mediated by the pairing of an associatively-activated representation of that food with illness. There was no evidence of a directly-learned tone-LiCl association, which might otherwise have mediated the expression of the food aversion by a chain of food→tone and tone→illness associations. A related series of experiments conducted by Holland and Forbes (1982) showed that a previously-established flavor aversion could be extinguished if the flavor representation was associatively activated repeatedly in the absence of the illness US. In their experiments, a flavo...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excitatory and inhibitory learning with absent stimuli.

Wheeler¹,

Sherwood²,

Holland³

2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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“…Training in this format is hypothesized to improve generalization to real world situations via a state dependent learning component (Godden & Baddeley, 1980) and further supports resilience by leveraging the learning theory process of latent inhibition. Latent inhibition refers to the delayed learning that occurs as a result of pre-exposure to a stimulus without a consequence (Feldner, Monson, & Friedman, 2007; Lubow & Moore, 1959). Thus, the exposure to a simulated combat context is believed to decrease the likelihood of fear conditioning during the real event (Sones, Thorp, & Raskind, 2011).…”

Section: Beyond Vret: Vr For the Assessment And Prevention Of Ptsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Virtual Reality tools to advance the prevention, assessment, and treatment of PTSD

Rizzo

Shilling

2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

154

107

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Numerous reports indicate that the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) military personnel has created a significant behavioural healthcare challenge. These findings have served to motivate research on how to better develop and disseminate evidence-based treatments for PTSD. The current article presents the use of Virtual Reality (VR) as a clinical tool to address the assessment, prevention, and treatment of PTSD, based on the VR projects that were evolved at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies since 2004. A brief discussion of the definition and rationale for the clinical use of VR is followed by a description of a VR application designed for the delivery of prolonged exposure (PE) for treating Service Members (SMs) and Veterans with combat- and sexual assault-related PTSD. The expansion of the virtual treatment simulations of Iraq and Afghanistan for PTSD assessment and prevention is then presented. This is followed by a forward-looking discussion that details early efforts to develop virtual human agent systems that serve the role of virtual patients for training the next generation of clinical providers, as healthcare guides that can be used to support anonymous access to trauma-relevant behavioural healthcare information, and as clinical interviewers capable of automated behaviour analysis of users to infer psychological state. The paper will conclude with a discussion of VR as a tool for breaking down barriers to care in addition to its direct application in assessment and intervention.

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“…Prior pre-exposure to either the to-be-conditioned stimulus (CS) or unconditioned stimulus (US) can impede the development and/or expression of the conditioned response (CR) following subsequent pairing between the CS and the US. The reduction in the vigor of the CR observed following nonreinforced CS preexposure is referred to as latent inhibition (LI; Lubow and Moore, 1959), and that following US pre-exposure is referred to as the US pre-exposure effect (USPEE; Randich and LoLordo, 1979). Both phenomena can be demonstrated in numerous species, including human and rodent, and across a variety of associative conditioning procedures (Lubow, 1989;Cannon et al, 1975;Batson and Best, 1979;Baker et al, 1981).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of the CS- and US-Pre-Exposure Effects in the Conditioned Taste Aversion Paradigm and Their Abolition Following Systemic Amphetamine Treatment in C57BL6/J Mice

Meyer

Chang

Feldon

et al. 2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

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In classical conditioning, pre-exposures to either the to-be-conditioned stimulus (CS) or unconditioned stimulus (US) can retard subsequent conditioning between the CS and US. The present experiment evaluated the expression of these two pre-exposure effects in mice of the C57BL6/J strain, one of the most common background strains for genetically altered mice. We tested whether their expression would be disrupted by amphetamine treatment (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) in a conditioned taste aversion paradigm with sucrose as the CS and lithium chloride-induced gastric malaise as the US. We found that one pre-exposure (PE) to either the CS or the US reduced aversion to sucrose solution in the controls following conditioning, but no such tendency was evident in the amphetamine-treated mice. The present study represents the first report of amphetamine-induced disruption of the CS-PE effect (ie latent inhibition) in mice, and the first attempt to compare it directly with the US-PE effect in any species. It extended previous reports in rats and humans, suggesting that the sensitivity of latent inhibition to amphetamine is largely comparable across species, thereby lending credence to the use of the latent inhibition effect as a behavioral assay for psychotic-like phenotype in transgenic mice. The parallel observation in the US-PE effect further indicates that its expression, at least in the present conditioned taste aversion paradigm, may also be under similar influence of the dopaminergic system.

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Latent inhibition: The effect of nonreinforced pre-exposure to the conditional stimulus.

Cited by 805 publications

References 7 publications

Excitatory and inhibitory learning with absent stimuli.

Excitatory and inhibitory learning with absent stimuli.

Clinical Virtual Reality tools to advance the prevention, assessment, and treatment of PTSD

Expression of the CS- and US-Pre-Exposure Effects in the Conditioned Taste Aversion Paradigm and Their Abolition Following Systemic Amphetamine Treatment in C57BL6/J Mice

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