Latent Tuberculosis Infection Beliefs and Testing and Treatment Health Behaviors Amongst Non-US-Born South Asians in New Jersey: A Cross-Sectional Community Survey

How can we improve latent tuberculosis infection management using behaviour change wheel: a systematic review

“…Most of the studies were rated to have a low risk of bias ( n = 35) 10 , 17–27 , 29 , 31 , 33–35 , 38 , 39 , 41–44 , 46 , 47 , 49–54 , 56 , 60–62 , and 12 studies had a moderate level of risk of bias 28 , 30 , 32 , 36 , 37 , 40 , 45 , 48 , 55 , 57–59 ( Supplementary Appendix 7 ). The risk of bias primarily arose from a lack of reporting on the sampling frame ( n = 28) 10 , 17 , 28–30 , 32–34 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 43–48 , 50 , 52–55 , 57–59 , 61 , 62 and the sampling method where convenience sampling or voluntary sample was used ( n = 20).…”

“…The risk of bias primarily arose from a lack of reporting on the sampling frame ( n = 28) 10 , 17 , 28–30 , 32–34 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 43–48 , 50 , 52–55 , 57–59 , 61 , 62 and the sampling method where convenience sampling or voluntary sample was used ( n = 20). 17 , 21 , 22 , 27 , 29–31 , 33 , 36 , 38 , 42–44 , 46 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 52 , 56 , 58 Hence, there was uncertainty on whether the true close representation of the target population was established. Moreover, half of the studies ( n = 23) did not use pilot-tested and validated study instruments for data collection.…”

“…A lack of understanding of LTBI was identified as another opportunity for improvement among the public and healthcare providers. The review found that many had poor understanding of LTBI clinical characteristics, 10 , 17–19 , 21–26 , 29 , 31 , 33–36 , 38 , 39 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 48–52 , 54 , 56 , 59 role of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination 17 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 25 , 26 , 31 , 33 , 34 , 37 , 39 , 44 , 46 , 48 , 51 , 55 , 59 and the risk factors for TB reactivation. 24 , 36–39 , 41 , 42 , 49 , 50 , 52 , 53 For example, one common misconception was that BCG vaccination was often thought to confer lifelong immunity, even among healthcare workers.…”

“…Screening and testing hesitancy for LTBI was noted especially among the general public as they were not aware of the risk of LTBI and TB reactivation. 10 , 25 , 26 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 41 , 42 , 46 , 48 , 50 , 56 , 59 Similarly, LTBI treatment was not well accepted by the general public and healthcare providers, as they were concerned about the effectiveness and risk of LTBI treatment. 19 , 20 , 26 , 29 , 30 , 34 , 36 , 38 , 41 , 42 , 45 , 48 , 51 , 52 , 54 , 58 , 61 As such, there is a need to enforce LTBI testing and treatment policy to guide appropriate decision-making in LTBI practice.…”

“…Education , environment restructuring and persuasion can be applied to encourage eligible individuals to accept LTBI screening and treatment. 10 , 19 , 20 , 25 , 26 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 34 , 36 , 38 , 41 , 42 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 50–52 , 54 , 56 , 58 , 59 , 61 Relevant information on LTBI could be shared through verbal discussion together with visual aids such as infographics or pamphlets. Given that many will experience catastrophic costs, incentivization such as food or travel vouchers can be provided to individuals accepting LTBI screening and treatment.…”