“…Streptavidin (SA) protein forms strong noncovalent bonds with biotin; hence, it is conjugated with AuNPs (for conjugation) or immobilized at T‐line (for recognition) (Zhao, Wang, et al., 2020). Some antibody‐independent NA‐LFA methods have also been developed in which biotinylated probes or amplicons have been used with SA or poly(dT) sequence as a binding molecule (Kortli et al., 2020; Magiati, Myridaki, Christopoulos, & Kalogianni, 2019; Ngom, Guo, Wang, & Bi, 2010). A number of NA‐LFAs or NA‐LFS or NA‐LFD devices have been developed for POC detection of animal species in different meat products (Figure 1) (Li et al., 2019; Yan et al., 2020; Zhang, Zhang, et al., 2019; Zhao, Wang, et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2020).…”