Lateral force transmission between human tendon fascicles

Haraldsson, Bjarki Thor; Aagaard, Per; Qvortrup, Klaus; Bojsen‐Møller, Jens; Krogsgaard, Michael; Koskinen, Satu; Kjær, Michael; Magnusson, S. Peter

doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2007.09.001

Cited by 73 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Tendon stretch could only account for the observed data if the active muscle fibers (fascicles) transmitted force through separate elements of the tendon. Although measurements of force transmission in the tendon of the cat soleus suggested that it acts as a bulk structure (Proske and Morgan, 1984), more recent structural analyses have suggested that force could be transmitted along individual collagen fibrils or fascicles (Provenzano and Vanderby, 2006;Haraldsson et al, 2008). An interesting feature of the tendinous band along the anterior edge of the ILPO is that even without magnification the band appears to consist of separate collagen strands running parallel to its long axis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms producing coordinated function across the breadth of a large biarticular thigh muscle

Carr

Ellerby

Rubenson

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYWe examined the hypothesis that structural features of the iliotibialis lateralis pars postacetabularis (ILPO) in guinea fowl allow this large muscle to maintain equivalent function along its anterior-posterior axis. The ILPO, the largest muscle in the hindlimb of the guinea fowl, is a hip and knee extensor. The fascicles of the ILPO originate across a broad region of the ilium and ischium posterior to the hip. Its long posterior fascicles span the length of the thigh and insert directly on the patellar tendon complex. However, its anterior fascicles are shorter and insert on a narrow aponeurosis that forms a tendinous band along the anterior edge of the muscle and is connected distally to the patellar tendon. The biarticular ILPO is actively lengthened and then actively shortened during stance. The moment arm of the fascicles at the hip increases along the anterior to posterior axis, whereas the moment arm at the knee is constant for all fascicles. Using electromyography and sonomicrometry, we examined the activity and strain of posterior and anterior fascicles of the ILPO. The activation was not significantly different in the anterior and posterior fascicles. Although we found significant differences in active lengthening and shortening strain between the anterior and posterior fascicles, the differences were small. The majority of shortening strain is caused by hip extension and the inverse relationship between hip moment arm and fascicle length along the anterior-posterior axis was found to have a major role in ensuring similar shortening strain. However, because the knee moment arm is the same for all fascicles, knee flexion in early stance was predicted to produce much larger lengthening strains in the short anterior fascicles than our measured values at this location. We propose that active lengthening of the anterior fascicles was lower than predicted because the aponeurotic tendon of insertion of the anterior fascicles was stretched and only a portion of the lengthening had to be accommodated by the active muscle fascicles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms producing coordinated function across the breadth of a large biarticular thigh muscle

Carr

Ellerby

Rubenson

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…The study by Haraldsson et al [40] investigated lateral force transfer at relatively small displacements (up to Table 2. The average difference in strain at failure between whole tendons and fascicles was calculated for the SDFT and CDET.…”

Section: (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interfascicular matrix is composed of small bundles of type III collagen fibrils, proteoglycans, cells, nerves and capillaries [14,16,40]. Recently, it has been suggested that the glycoprotein lubricin facilitates sliding between fascicles [42,43].…”

Section: (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Specialization of tendon mechanical properties results from interfascicular differences

Thorpe

Udeze

Birch

et al. 2012

J. R. Soc. Interface.

193

265

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Tendons transfer force from muscle to bone. Specific tendons, including the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), also store and return energy. For efficient function, energystoring tendons need to be more extensible than positional tendons such as the common digital extensor tendon (CDET), and when tested in vitro have a lower modulus and failure stress, but a higher failure strain. It is not known how differences in matrix organization contribute to distinct mechanical properties in functionally different tendons. We investigated the properties of whole tendons, tendon fascicles and the fascicular interface in the highstrain energy-storing SDFT and low-strain positional CDET. Fascicles failed at lower stresses and strains than tendons. The SDFT was more extensible than the CDET, but SDFT fascicles failed at lower strains than CDET fascicles, resulting in large differences between tendon and fascicle failure strain in the SDFT. At physiological loads, the stiffness at the fascicular interface was lower in the SDFT samples, enabling a greater fascicle sliding that could account for differences in tendon and fascicle failure strain. Sliding between fascicles prior to fascicle extension in the SDFT may allow the large extensions required in energy-storing tendons while protecting fascicles from damage.

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“…These changes were not explained by post-exercise differences in muscle activation patterns or torque production, but could reflect non-uniform fatigue or creep of Achilles tendon fascicles, due to differences in mechanical properties and/or tensile loading during eccentric heel drop (Arndt et al, 2011(Arndt et al, , 1998Slane and Thelen, 2014). Irrespective of the cause, acute alterations in the normal biaxial strain could have implications for intra-tendinous force distribution (Haraldsson et al, 2008), fluid flow (Reese et al, 2010;Yin and Elliott, 2004) and tissue homeostasis (Smith et al, 2013) and are therefore relevant in the context of exercise-dependent regional adaptation of Achilles free tendon structure and function. Our findings also suggest that AP diameter may be more responsive to change following exercise, compared with CSA or ML diameter, and support the use of AP diameter to evaluate acute, and possibly chronic, exercisedependent changes in Achilles free tendon transverse morphology (Grigg et al, 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Three-dimensional morphology and strain of the Achilles free tendon immediately following eccentric heel drop exercise

Obst

Newsham-West

Barrett

2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Our understanding of the immediate effects of exercise on Achilles free tendon transverse morphology is limited to single site measurements acquired at rest using 2D ultrasound. The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed 3D description of changes in Achilles free tendon morphology immediately following a single clinical bout of exercise. Freehand 3D ultrasound was used to measure Achilles free tendon length, and regional cross-sectional area (CSA), medio-lateral (ML) diameter and antero-posterior (AP) diameter in healthy young adults (N=14) at rest and during isometric muscle contraction, immediately before and after 3×15 eccentric heel drops. Post-exercise reductions in transverse strain were limited to CSA and AP diameter in the midproximal region of the Achilles free tendon during muscle contraction. The change in CSA strain during muscle contraction was significantly correlated to the change in longitudinal strain (r=−0.72) and the change in AP diameter strain (r=0.64). Overall findings suggest the Achilles free tendon experiences a complex change in 3D morphology following eccentric heel drop exercise that manifests under contractile but not rest conditions, is most pronounced in the mid-proximal tendon and is primarily driven by changes in AP diameter strain and not ML diameter strain.

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Lateral force transmission between human tendon fascicles

Cited by 73 publications

References 38 publications

Mechanisms producing coordinated function across the breadth of a large biarticular thigh muscle

Mechanisms producing coordinated function across the breadth of a large biarticular thigh muscle

Specialization of tendon mechanical properties results from interfascicular differences

Three-dimensional morphology and strain of the Achilles free tendon immediately following eccentric heel drop exercise

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