Lateral interactions in the outer retina

Thoreson, Wallace B.; Mangel, Stuart C.

doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.04.003

Cited by 226 publications

(242 citation statements)

References 418 publications

(889 reference statements)

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“…HC feedback is critical for establishing the antagonistic receptive field-surround of the subsequent neuron in the visual path (the bipolar cell). HCs are thus responsible for lateral interaction and inhibition (24,34,35). In the dark, HCs are depolarized as a consequence of glutamate release by visual photoreceptors, which in turn causes the release of GABA by HCs onto cone synapses promoting a neurochemical inhibition, proton release, or ephaptic signaling (35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HCs are retinal interneurons lying adjacent to the outer plexiform layer and implicated in visual perception and the regulation of signaling between cones, rods, and bipolar cells, enhancing image contrast, color discrimination, and light adaptation. HCs are involved mainly in the lateral interactions of the outer retina (24,25). Once determined, retinal HC precursors migrate, differentiate, and express a set of specific markers; the final inner nuclear positioning occurs around E15 (23, 26), the same time at which a very strong expression of OPN4X was observed (21).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Horizontal cells expressing melanopsin x are novel photoreceptors in the avian inner retina

Morera

Díaz

Guido

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In the vertebrate retina, three types of photoreceptors-visual photoreceptor cones and rods and the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs)-converged through evolution to detect light and regulate image-and nonimage-forming activities such as photic entrainment of circadian rhythms, pupillary light reflexes, etc. ipRGCs express the nonvisual photopigment melanopsin (OPN4), encoded by two genes: the Xenopus (Opn4x) and mammalian (Opn4m) orthologs. In the chicken retina, both OPN4 proteins are found in ipRGCs, and Opn4x is also present in retinal horizontal cells (HCs), which connect with visual photoreceptors. Here we investigate the intrinsic photosensitivity and functioning of HCs from primary cultures of embryonic retinas at day 15 by using calcium fluorescent fluo4 imaging, pharmacological inhibitory treatments, and Opn4x knockdown. Results show that HCs are avian photoreceptors with a retinal-based OPN4X photopigment conferring intrinsic photosensitivity. Light responses in HCs appear to be driven through an ancient type of phototransduction cascade similar to that in rhabdomeric photoreceptors involving a G-protein q, the activation of phospholipase C, calcium mobilization, and the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Based on their intrinsic photosensitivity, HCs may have a key dual function in the retina of vertebrates, potentially regulating nonvisual tasks together with their sister cells, ipRGCs, and with visual photoreceptors, modulating lateral interactions and retinal processing.retina | light responses | horizontal cell | phototransduction | melanopsin I n the vertebrate retina, photoreceptors can be classified according to their function as canonical or noncanonical. The first group comprises specialized ciliary retinal neurons, cones, and rods in the outer retina, which participate in the image-forming processes associated with day/night vision. The second group is composed of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in the inner retina, which preferentially participate in the processing of photic inputs related to nonimage-forming tasks (photic synchronization of circadian rhythms, pupillary light reflexes, inhibition of pineal melatonin, etc.) (1-7). The photopigment melanopsin (OPN4) (1) confers photosensitivity to ipRGCs as clearly shown through later experiments with OPN4 knockout mice or OPN4 heterologous expression in nonretinal cells for loss or gain of function, respectively (8-11). Through evolution, OPN4 appears to have been encoded by at least two genes in vertebrates: Opn4x and Opn4m, the Xenopus and mammalian ortholog genes, respectively (12). Interestingly, the first-appearing vertebrates, nonmammals including fish, amphibians, and birds, possess both Opn4 genes whereas mammals only have Opn4m. Evidence suggests that during the course of evolution, mammals lost some visual opsins and Opn4x as they entered the nocturnal niche. In the chicken retina, different laboratories have reported the expression of Opn4 genes in outer nuclear...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Horizontal cells expressing melanopsin x are novel photoreceptors in the avian inner retina

Morera

Díaz

Guido

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…55 Dopamine modulates the electrical coupling between adjacent HCs, which in turn enhances the spatial retinal contrast sensitivity. 56 Thus, the activation of D1R in BCs and HCs during BL exposure may result in improving visual quality by enhancing spatial retinal contrast sensitivity and promoting signaling between BCs and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), especially those in the ON signaling pathway. This enhancement of ON pathway signaling and spatial contrast sensitivity may play a critical role in eliciting the BL preventive effect on FDM development as they compensate for declines in retinal signaling induced by FD.…”

Section: Bl Selectively Activates/(recruits) D1r Signaling In the On mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bright Light Suppresses Form-Deprivation Myopia Development With Activation of Dopamine D1 Receptor Signaling in the ON Pathway in Retina

Chen

Zhi

Ruan

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Citation: Chen S, Zhi Z, Ruan Q, et al. Bright light suppresses form-deprivation myopia development with activation of dopamine D1 receptor signaling in the ON pathway in retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58:230658: -231658: . DOI:10.1167 PURPOSE. To determine whether dopamine receptor D1 (D1R) signaling pathway activation by bright light (BL) in specific retinal neuronal cell types contributes to inhibiting formdeprivation myopia (FDM) in mice.METHODS. Mice (3-weeks old) were raised under either normal light (NL: 100-200 lux) or BL (2500-5000 lux) conditions with or without form deprivation. Refraction changes were evaluated with an eccentric infrared photorefractor, and ocular axial components with optical coherence tomography. The D1R antagonist, SCH39166, was intraperitoneally injected daily to evaluate if BL mediates declines in FDM development through D1R activation. Six different biomarkers of retinal neuronal types delineated differential distribution of D1R expression. cFos and phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase (p-TH) immunofluorescent staining evaluated D1R receptor activation and dopamine synthesis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. Bright light increases D1R activity in the BCs of the ON pathway, which is associated with less myopic shift and ocular elongation than those occurring in NL. These declines suggest that increased D1R activity in the ON pathway contributes to the BL suppression of FDM development in mice.

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“…In the third study 22 the reciprocal feedback that cone axon terminals receive from horizontal cells was investigated. As all proposed horizontal cell feedback mechanisms act on voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels in the cone axon terminals 28 , cone terminal Ca 2+ can serve as a proxy for horizontal cell-to-cone interactions. The study by Kemmler and coworkers 22 supports the view that horizontal cells use a complex feedback system comprising several mechanisms to control photoreceptor glutamate release.…”

Section: Representative Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging Ca<sup>2+</sup> Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

Kulkarni

Schubert

Baden

et al. 2015

JoVE

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Retinal cone photoreceptors (cones) serve daylight vision and are the basis of color discrimination. They are subject to degeneration, often leading to blindness in many retinal diseases. Calcium (Ca 2+ ), a key second messenger in photoreceptor signaling and metabolism, has been proposed to be indirectly linked with photoreceptor degeneration in various animal models. Systematically studying these aspects of cone physiology and pathophysiology has been hampered by the difficulties of electrically recording from these small cells, in particular in the mouse where the retina is dominated by rod photoreceptors. To circumvent this issue, we established a two-photon Ca 2+ imaging protocol using a transgenic mouse line that expresses the genetically encoded Ca 2+ biosensor TN-XL exclusively in cones and can be crossbred with mouse models for photoreceptor degeneration. The protocol described here involves preparing vertical sections ("slices") of retinas from mice and optical imaging of light stimulus-evoked changes in cone Ca 2+ level. The protocol also allows "in-slice measurement" of absolute Ca 2+ concentrations; as the recordings can be followed by calibration. This protocol enables studies into functional cone properties and is expected to contribute to the understanding of cone Ca 2+ signaling as well as the potential involvement of Ca 2+ in photoreceptor death and retinal degeneration.

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Lateral interactions in the outer retina

Cited by 226 publications

References 418 publications

Horizontal cells expressing melanopsin x are novel photoreceptors in the avian inner retina

Horizontal cells expressing melanopsin x are novel photoreceptors in the avian inner retina

Bright Light Suppresses Form-Deprivation Myopia Development With Activation of Dopamine D1 Receptor Signaling in the ON Pathway in Retina

Imaging Ca<sup>2+</sup> Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

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