Latitude Variation of the Post‐Sunset Plasma Density Enhancement During the Minor Geomagnetic Storm on 27 May 2021

Abstract

In this study, multiple instrumental observations including Global Navigation Satellite System total electron content (TEC), plasma drift velocity measured by Sanya (18.3°N, 109.6°E, dip latitude 12.6°N) Incoherent Scatter Radar (SYISR) and F2‐layer peak electron density (NmF2) and peak height (hmF2) from ionosonde and SYISR have been used to investigate ionospheric responses during a minor yet highly geo‐effective geomagnetic storm on 26–27 May 2021. Our findings revealed a significant time delay in the post‐sunset plasma density enhancement peak across different latitudes over East Asia, that is, the lower the geographic latitude, the earlier the peak appeared. The plasma density enhancement was accompanied by a decrease in hmF2 prior to NmF2 peak around sunset. The newly built SYISR measurements around sunset verified that the field‐aligned drift decreased the ionosphere with a notable time delay at latitude, beneficial to electron density enhancements at lower altitudes within the 16–30°N latitudinal band but a small TEC change. While at 30–50°N, it is possible that the competition between storm‐induced equatorward winds and downward field‐aligned drift depressed hmF2 decline and the buildup increased both NmF2 and TEC. The ICON observations suggested that the meridional wind during this minor storm event modulated the direction of plasma transport near sunset, playing a dominant role in post‐sunset plasma density enhancement from low to middle latitudes. These results provide fresh insight into the electrodynamic mechanisms of post‐sunset enhancements at middle and low latitudes over East Asia, and also enhance our understanding of the intricate behaviors within the ionosphere‐thermosphere system in response to a minor storm.