Latrine Ownership and Its Determinants in Rural Villages of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Ajemu, Kiros Fenta; Desta, Abraham Aregay; Berhe, Asfawosen Aregay; Woldegebriel, Ataklti Gebretsadik; Bezabih, Nega Mamo

doi:10.1155/2020/2123652

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…Similarly , households whose toilets were placed in their own yard were 1.2 times more likely to access appropriate sanitation services than households whose toilets were placed elsewhere. This finding is supported by studies done in northern [ 42 ], and northwest Ethiopia [ 54 ]. This might be because households need to access and utilize functional toilet facilities within their own privacy, security, and comfort [ 54 , 55 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The interpolation result indicated that households in the Northern Amhara, Western Gambela, Tigray, Afar, Somali, and Harari regions, as well as in Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa cities, would be less vulnerable to poor sanitation service access. However, SNNPR, Binishangul Gumez, Oroima, and Southern Amhara regions would be more vulnerable to poor sanitation service access The vulnerability of households to poor sanitation service access in Ethiopia might be due to a lack of information [ 11 ], low latrine ownership [ 42 ], poor latrine conditions, structure, and design [ 43 ], and a lack of total sanitation and hygiene intervention led by the community [ 44 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial and multilevel analysis of sanitation service access and related factors among households in Ethiopia: Using 2019 Ethiopian national dataset

Tegegne

Wubante

Walle

et al. 2023

PLOS Glob Public Health

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Background Billions of people have faced the problem of accessing appropriate sanitation services. This study aimed to explore the spatial distribution of households’ access to sanitation services and identify associated factors in Ethiopia. Methods The 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey data was used with a total of 6261 weighted samples. A cross-sectional study design with a two-stage cluster sampling technique was used. Global Moran’s I statistic measure, Getis-Ord Gi*, and the ordinary Kriging Gaussian interpolation were used for spatial autocorrelation, hot spot analysis, and interpolation of unsampled areas, respectively. A purely spatial Bernoulli-based model was employed to determine the geographical locations of the most likely clusters. A multilevel logistic regression model was used, and predictors with a P value of less than 0.05 with a 95% CI were considered significant factors. Results Overall, 19.7% of households had access to improved sanitation services in Ethiopia. Poor sanitation service access was significantly clustered, with hotspots of poor access identified in the South Nations Nationality and People’s Region (SNNPR), Oromia, Amhara, and Benishangul Gumuz regions. A total of 275 significant clusters were identified. Households in the circled area were more vulnerable to poor sanitation service access. Rural households, on-premises water access, media exposure, and rich wealth status were statistically significant factors for access to sanitation services. Conclusions Access to sanitation services among households in Ethiopia is insufficient. The majority of the households had no access to sanitation services. Stakeholders are recommended to raise household members’ awareness of sanitation services, give priority to the hotspot areas, and encourage poor households to have access to toilet facilities. Household members recommended using the available sanitation service and keeping the sanitation service clean. Households are recommended to construct clean shared sanitation facilities.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and multilevel analysis of sanitation service access and related factors among households in Ethiopia: Using 2019 Ethiopian national dataset

Tegegne

Wubante

Walle

et al. 2023

PLOS Glob Public Health

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“…Open defecation is mainly a rural phenomenon ascribed to poor latrine ownership at the community and household levels [ 38 ]. The results from the review showed that increased latrine ownership by individual households contributes to improved WaSH practices in a community [ 21 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers and facilitators to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WaSH) practices in Southern Africa: A scoping review

et al. 2022

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A healthy and a dignified life experience requires adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) coverage. However, inadequate WaSH resources remain a significant public health challenge in many communities in Southern Africa. A systematic search of peer-reviewed journal articles from 2010 –May 2022 was undertaken on Medline, PubMed, EbscoHost and Google Scholar from 2010 to May 2022 was searched using combinations of predefined search terms with Boolean operators. Eighteen peer-reviewed articles from Southern Africa satisfied the inclusion criteria for this review. The general themes that emerged for both barriers and facilitators included geographical inequalities, climate change, investment in WaSH resources, low levels of knowledge on water borne-diseases and ineffective local community engagement. Key facilitators to improved WaSH practices included improved WaSH infrastructure, effective local community engagement, increased latrine ownership by individual households and the development of social capital. Water and sanitation are critical to ensuring a healthy lifestyle. However, many people and communities in Southern Africa still lack access to safe water and improved sanitation facilities. Rural areas are the most affected by barriers to improved WaSH facilities due to lack of WaSH infrastructure compared to urban settings. Our review has shown that, the current WaSH conditions in Southern Africa do not equate to the improved WaSH standards described in SDG 6 on ensuring access to water and sanitation for all. Key barriers to improved WaSH practices identified include rurality, climate change, low investments in WaSH infrastructure, inadequate knowledge on water-borne illnesses and lack of community engagement.

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“…Education and household size were among the determinants of open defecation, which is related to the lack of latrine ownership in the Wa Municipality of Ghana [ 22 ]. Ajemu et al [ 29 ] reported that promotion of Health Extension Workers, possession of private houses, and occupational status were more likely to be associated with latrine construction among some rural villages of Tigray region, northern Ethiopia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water and Latrine Services and Associated Factors among Residents of Negele Town, Southeast Ethiopia: A Cross‐Sectional Study

Dagaga

Geleta²

2022

Journal of Environmental and Public Health

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Background. Access to at least a basic water service, improved sanitation, and hygiene contribute to the human health and socioeconomic development of a country. This study was conducted to assess the water and latrine service coverage and related factors among dwellers of Negele town, southeast Ethiopia. Method. Two Kebeles (small administrative units) were randomly selected from each of the three zones of the town to collect data via questionnaires from randomly selected household heads (380), interviews of purposely selected key informants (40), and personal observations employing a cross-sectional survey design from March to May 2018. A Chi-square test was conducted to examine the association between various demographic factors and having latrine/tap water. Result. Latrine coverage of the town was low (45%) mainly due to shortage of land or funds and expansion of illegal houses. The available latrines were poor in hygiene. Water service (solely tap water) coverage was very low (7.6%) as a result of deficient water sources and nonfunctioning pipelines. The zones, age, educational status, marital status, and family size of the participants were statistically significantly associated with having latrine or tap water, p < 0.05 . The administration of the town has planned to build four public toilets and raise its water supply coverage to about 70% by 2019/2020. Conclusion. Coverage of latrine and water services of Negele town were so low, implying that it is not on track to achieve the United Nations (UN) sustainable development goal target 6.1 and 6.2. The administration of the town should provide land to residents and search for fund sources for the construction of standardized private and public toilets. Utilizing various water sources, maintaining nonfunctional, and constructing new pipelines should be promoted to improve the water service coverage of the town targeting the national and UN sustainable development goals.

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Latrine Ownership and Its Determinants in Rural Villages of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Cited by 7 publications

References 28 publications

Spatial and multilevel analysis of sanitation service access and related factors among households in Ethiopia: Using 2019 Ethiopian national dataset

Spatial and multilevel analysis of sanitation service access and related factors among households in Ethiopia: Using 2019 Ethiopian national dataset

Barriers and facilitators to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WaSH) practices in Southern Africa: A scoping review

Water and Latrine Services and Associated Factors among Residents of Negele Town, Southeast Ethiopia: A Cross‐Sectional Study

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