We apply ultrafast spectroscopy to establish a time-domain hierarchy between structural and electronic effects in a strongly correlated electron system. We discuss the case of the model system VO 2 , a prototypical nonmagnetic compound that exhibits cell doubling, charge localization, and a metal-insulator transition below 340 K. We initiate the formation of the metallic phase by prompt hole photo-doping into the valence band of the low-T insulator. The insulator-to-metal transition is, however, delayed with respect to hole injection, exhibiting a bottleneck time scale, associated with the phonon connecting the two crystallographic phases. This structural bottleneck is observed despite faster depletion of the d bands and is indicative of important bandlike character for this controversial insulator. Correlated electron materials exhibit remarkable effects, ranging from metal-insulator transitions to nonconventional (high temperature) superconductivity. The subtle interplay between atomic structure, charge, spin, and orbital dynamics is responsible for many of the critical phenomena observed. 1 Importantly, because "simultaneous" changes in more than one degree of freedom are often observed as chemical doping or external parameters are tuned across critical values, time-integrated spectroscopies are unable to uniquely assign cause-effect relationships.Here, we demonstrate that time-resolved spectroscopy can instead be applied to overcome such ambiguities. We study the case of nonmagnetic VO 2 , a controversial, strongly correlated compound that exhibits cell doubling in "concomitance" with electron localization and a metal-insulator transition below 340 K 2 (see Fig. 1). The issue is whether the insulating behavior in the low-T phase derives directly from the Peierls distortion 3 or from electron localization and the consequent increase in electron-electron repulsion. 4,5 Recently, a theoretical study by Wentzcovitch et al. has revived attention into this four-decade-long debate, 6 suggesting that the former mechanism may be dominant, i.e., the low-T phase may be bandlike and the transition structurally driven. New controversy has resulted 7,8 and the problem is yet to be settled experimentally.Previous time-resolved optical 9 and x-ray diffraction 10 experiments in this compound demonstrated that impulsive photoexcitation of the low-T monoclinic insulator causes an ultrafast transition in both the electronic properties and the atomic structural arrangement. However, it was not clear whether the system becomes metallic due to the change in symmetry of the unit cell or to the prompt creation of holes, causing the closure of a Mott gap. We have now performed optical experiments with 15 fs resolution, and we report evidence of a limiting structural time scale for the formation of the metallic phase. This delay is observed despite much faster hole doping into the correlated d band. Such bottleneck time originates from the coherent optical-phonon distortions in the excited state of the system, mapping onto the crystal...