“…First, the gradient flow serves as a gauge-invariant ultraviolet regulator. Second, given a renormalized theory at zero flow time, the matrix elements of smeared fields are automatically finite, up to a multiplicative wave-function renormalization for the fermion fields [24], which can be removed by introducing ringed fermion fields [25,26]. Third, the lattice matrix elements of smeared fields remain finite in the continuum limit, provided the flow time is fixed in physical units [24,35].…”