Lattice Gauge Theories and String Dynamics in Rydberg Atom Quantum Simulators

Surace, Federica Maria; Mazza, Paolo P.; Giudici, Giuliano; Lerose, Alessio; Gambassi, Andrea; Dalmonte, Marcello

doi:10.1103/physrevx.10.021041

Cited by 301 publications

(219 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Digital quantum simulations of gauge theories on universal quantum computers (5,9) are challenging to scale up. This difficulty makes analog quantum simulators, as treated here, highly attractive, because they can be scaled up and still maintain excellent quantum coherence (6)(7)(8)(32)(33)(34). Proceeding to the extended system requires optical lattices and Raman-assisted tunneling [see SM and (22)].…”

Section: Time [Ms]mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This difficulty is stimulating great efforts to quantum simulate these systems, i.e., to solve their dynamics using highly controlled experimental setups with synthetic quantum systems (2)(3)(4). First experimental breakthroughs have used quantum-computer algorithms that implement gauge invariance exactly, but which are either limited to one spatial dimension (5,6), restrict the dynamics of the gauge fields (7,8), or require classical preprocessing resources that scale exponentially with system size (9). Recently, the dynamics of a discrete Z 2 gauge theory in a minimal model has been realized based on Floquet engineering (10)(11)(12).…”

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confidence: 99%

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A scalable realization of local U(1) gauge invariance in cold atomic mixtures

Mil

Zache

Hegde

et al. 2020

Science

245

210

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In the fundamental laws of physics, gauge fields mediate the interaction between charged particles. An example is the quantum theory of electrons interacting with the electromagnetic field, based on U(1) gauge symmetry. Solving such gauge theories is in general a hard problem for classical computational techniques. Although quantum computers suggest a way forward, large-scale digital quantum devices for complex simulations are difficult to build. We propose a scalable analog quantum simulator of a U(1) gauge theory in one spatial dimension. Using interspecies spin-changing collisions in an atomic mixture, we achieve gauge-invariant interactions between matter and gauge fields with spin- and species-independent trapping potentials. We experimentally realize the elementary building block as a key step toward a platform for quantum simulations of continuous gauge theories.

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Section: Time [Ms]mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A scalable realization of local U(1) gauge invariance in cold atomic mixtures

Mil

Zache

Hegde

et al. 2020

Science

245

210

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“…(See Refs. [14,16] for such a "quasiparticle picture" of the other nonexact scar states in the PXP model in the spirit of single mode approximation and its multimode generalization.) In all three cases, there is a rapid drop-off of the matrix elements for |E (0) n − E (0) th | 5, which reflects the locality of the Hamiltonian-see Appendix D for details.…”

Section: B Finite-size Scaling and Eventual Thermalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, there has been a surge in interest of finding and understanding quantum many-body scar states due to the observation of anomalous dynamics in a Rydberg atom experiment [9]. Known systems that host quantum many-body scar states include the PXP model describing the Rydberg-blockaded atom chain [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], the Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki model [18][19][20], and the spin-1 XY model [21]. References [22,23] developed a systematic construction to embed nonthermal states in the spectrum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Slow thermalization of exact quantum many-body scar states under perturbations

Lin

Chandran

Motrunich

2020

Phys. Rev. Research

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Quantum many-body scar states are exceptional finite energy density eigenstates in an otherwise thermalizing system that do not satisfy the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis. We investigate the fate of exact many-body scar states under perturbations. At small system sizes, deformed scar states described by perturbation theory survive. However, we argue for their eventual thermalization in the thermodynamic limit from the finite-size scaling of the off-diagonal matrix elements. Nevertheless, we show numerically and analytically that the nonthermal properties of the scars survive for a parametrically long time in quench experiments. We present a rigorous argument that lower bounds the thermalization time for any scar state as t * ∼ O(λ −1/(1+d)), where d is the spatial dimension of the system and λ is the perturbation strength.

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“…This potential has incited a strong experimental effort to engineer the dynamics of gauge theories in low-energy devices based on trapped ions, superconducting qubits, and ultracold atoms, following mainly two approaches. The first experimental approach exploits the target gauge symmetry to eliminate either the matter [9][10][11] or gauge fields [12][13][14] at the cost that mechanisms breaking gauge invariance cannot be tested and that local errors in the physical hardware may represent highly nonlocal errors in the target model [13]. Similar considerations hold for implementations in quantum computers that remove all unphysical, gauge-violating states from the Hilbert space [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robustness of gauge-invariant dynamics against defects in ultracold-atom gauge theories

Halimeh

Ott

McCulloch

et al. 2020

Phys. Rev. Research

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Recent years have seen strong progress in quantum simulation of gauge-theory dynamics using ultracold-atom experiments. A principal challenge in these efforts is the certification of gauge invariance, which has recently been realized [Yang et al., arXiv:2003.08945]. One major but poorly investigated experimental source of gaugeinvariance violation is an imperfect preparation of the initial state. Using the time-dependent density-matrix renormalization group, we analyze the robustness of gauge-invariant dynamics against potential preparation defects in the above ultracold-atom implementation of a U(1) gauge theory. We find defects related to an erroneous initialization of matter fields to be innocuous, as the associated gauge-invariance violation remains strongly localized throughout the time evolution. A defect due to faulty initialization of the gauge field leads to a mild proliferation of the associated violation. Furthermore, we characterize the influence of immobile and mobile defects by monitoring the spread of entanglement entropy. Overall, our results indicate that the aforementioned experimental realization exhibits a high level of fidelity in the gauge invariance of its dynamics at all evolution times. Our work provides strong evidence that ultracold-atom setups can serve as an extremely reliable framework for the quantum simulation of gauge-theory dynamics.

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Lattice Gauge Theories and String Dynamics in Rydberg Atom Quantum Simulators

Cited by 301 publications

References 60 publications

A scalable realization of local U(1) gauge invariance in cold atomic mixtures

A scalable realization of local U(1) gauge invariance in cold atomic mixtures

Slow thermalization of exact quantum many-body scar states under perturbations

Robustness of gauge-invariant dynamics against defects in ultracold-atom gauge theories

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