Laurel forests in Tenerife, Canary Islands

Čermák, Jan; Jimenez, S.; González‐Rodríguez, A.; Morales, D.

doi:10.1007/s00468-002-0198-y

Cited by 22 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In the diffuse-porous species studied, the water-conducting pattern within an annual ring was categorized into three types. Many previous reports have only shown the conducting annual ring number macroscopically (e.g., Kozlowski & Winget 1963;Čermák et al 2002), and only a few studies analyzed variation of the water-conducting pathway within individual annual rings (Baker & James 1933;Chaney & Kozlowski 1977). Our study is the first report showing the variation of the water transport pathway of annual rings for various diffuse-porous species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Conducting Pathways in North Temperate Deciduous Broadleaved Trees

Umebayashi¹,

Utsumi²,

Koga³

et al. 2008

IAWA J

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The interspecific variation of dye ascent in the stems of 44 broadleaved deciduous species growing in Japan was studied using freeze-dried samples after dye injection. The dye ascending pattern differed both within and between ring-porous and diffuse-porous species. In large earlywood vessels of all ring-porous species, the dye ascended only in the outermost annual ring, and the inner annual rings had lost their water transport function. The dye ascending pattern within the inner annual rings in the ring-porous species was categorized into three types: i) the dye ascended both in the many latewood vessels throughout the latewood and small earlywood vessels; ii) the dye ascended in the many vessels throughout the latewood; and iii) the dye ascended mainly in the late latewood vessels. In diffuse-porous species, the dye ascending pattern within the annual rings also was categorized into three types: i) the dye ascended throughout the annual rings; ii) the dye ascended mainly in the earlywood vessels; and iii) the dye ascended mainly in the latewood vessels. Xylem water distribution was also examined by cryo-SEM in three ring-porous and three diffuse-porous species that had different dye ascending patterns. The water distribution pattern within annual rings was correlated with the dye ascending pattern except for one diffuseporous species (Salix gracilistyla). In this case, water was distributed in the whole region of the annual rings although dye was mainly distributed in the earlywood. These results showed that the functional area of water transport within annual rings differed among ring-porous species and diffuse-porous species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Conducting Pathways in North Temperate Deciduous Broadleaved Trees

Umebayashi¹,

Utsumi²,

Koga³

et al. 2008

IAWA J

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“…While relatively small, xylem vessels are present at high density, requiring a much smaller functional xylem cross-section to supply an equivalent leaf area, than either diffuse porous angiosperms or conifers. Cermák et al [29] also related L. azorica to Quercus as ring-porous species. The wood structure of L. azorica in São Miguel is very close to the description provided for Tenerife, increasing survival in adverse environmental conditions, such as highly exposed locations, and from wet places to almost dry lava flows [9].…”

Section: Growth Ring Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking Dendrometry and Dendrochronology in the Dominant Azorean Tree Laurus azorica (Seub.) Franco

Matos

Silva

Camarinho

et al. 2019

Forests

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As in many archipelagos, the Azorean primary forest was largely cleared and replaced by secondary forest and grassland, the Azorean tree Laurus azorica (Seub.) Franco being one of the dominant trees in the remaining natural forests. Dendrochronological and dendrometric studies in the Azores mainly focused on non-indigenous trees, either used for timber (e.g., Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) or considered as invasive (Pittosporum undulatum Vent.). Therefore, this study aims to describe the growth ring anatomy of L. azorica, and to understand the relationship between dendrometric traits (e.g., trunk diameter at breast height; tree height), and the number of growth rings. Growth ring anatomy was accessed by wood anatomical preparation of microcore samples while tree age estimation was based on growth ring counts in wood cores taken at breast height and at base. A total of 145 trees were sampled, resulting in 262 increment cores, at six representative stands of laurel forest in São Miguel Island (Azores). The wood anatomical analysis confirmed the presence of clear annual ring boundaries, and a high structural similarity towards Laurus novocanariensis Rivas Mart., Lousã, Fern.Prieto, E.Días, J.C.Costa & C.Aguiar. Age at tree base averaged 33 years, with 60% of the trees between 25 and 50 years old, and only about 15% above 50 years old. This suggests the existence of a secondary forest that is more recent than expected, probably due to human disturbance. The allometric models showed best fit when calculated by stand, suggesting the effect of local environmental conditions on growth rate. Radial growth rate was estimated at 0.68 cm.year−1. Given the known dominance of this species and the threats affecting natural forests, this baseline study will allow a better understanding of forest distribution and dynamics, and support a more effective forest management approach.

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“…Selectively lignin-binding dye solutions such as safranin, fuchsine, and toluidine blue were mostly preferred for the visualization of conductive elements across woody and herbaceous plant species (Supplemental Table 1). However, all of these dyes frequently caused the undesirable staining of cells (fibers, in particular) surrounding the conductive elements (Čermák et al, 2002; Sano et al, 2005; Halis et al, 2012). Although the xylem of Arabidopsis is formed by a smaller proportion of fibers than in woody plant species, their intensive staining in the PX area precludes the easy identification of PX vessels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An improved method for the visualization of conductive vessels in Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence stems

et al. 2015

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Dye perfusion is commonly used for the identification of conductive elements important for the study of xylem development as well as precise hydraulic estimations. The tiny size of inflorescence stems, the small amount of vessels in close arrangement, and high hydraulic resistivity delimit the use of the method for quantification of the water conductivity of Arabidopsis thaliana, one of the recently most extensively used plant models. Here, we present an extensive adjustment to the method in order to reliably identify individual functional (conductive) vessels. Segments of inflorescence stems were sealed in silicone tubes to prevent damage and perfused with a dye solution. Our results showed that dyes often used for staining functional xylem elements (safranin, fuchsine, toluidine blue) failed with Arabidopsis. In contrast, Fluorescent Brightener 28 dye solution perfused through segments stained secondary cell walls of functional vessels, which were clearly distinguishable in native cross sections. When compared to identification based on the degree of development of secondary cell walls, identification with the help of dye perfusion revealed a significantly lower number of functional vessels and values of theoretical hydraulic conductivity. We found that lignified but not yet functional vessels form a substantial portion of the xylem in apical and basal segments of Arabidopsis and, thus, significantly affect the analyzed functional parameters of xylem. The presented methodology enables reliable identification of individual functional vessels, allowing thus estimations of hydraulic conductivities to be improved, size distributions and vessel diameters to be refined, and data variability generally to be reduced.

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Laurel forests in Tenerife, Canary Islands

Cited by 22 publications

References 28 publications

Conducting Pathways in North Temperate Deciduous Broadleaved Trees

Conducting Pathways in North Temperate Deciduous Broadleaved Trees

Linking Dendrometry and Dendrochronology in the Dominant Azorean Tree Laurus azorica (Seub.) Franco

An improved method for the visualization of conductive vessels in Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence stems

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