Laves intermetallics in stainless steel–zirconium alloys

Abraham, Daniel P.; Richardson, James W.; McDeavitt, Sean M.

doi:10.1016/s0921-5093(97)00649-7

Cited by 57 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The mosaic provides examples of linear structures ~500 µm in length typical of dendrites formed during solidification, and a number of circular black features that were later determined to be holes caused by polishing drop-outs. This microstructure would be typical for a SS-15Zr material where the dark portion is typically iron rich and the light material is a zirconium-bearing intermetallic (McDeavitt et al, 1998;Abraham et al, 1997). However, in this case, molybdenum was a more dominant constituent than zirconium and the intermetallic phase had a composition that was Mo-rich.…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscopy Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The composition of UDS will have strong impact on composition of the final waste form alloy. Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has added Re (as surrogate for Tc) to the stainless steel (SS)-15Zr alloy that was developed for the EBR-II metal wastes (Abraham et al 1997;Keiser et al 2000;McDeavitt et al 1998). A minimum additive waste stabilization (MAWS) approach is being utilized in waste form development that aims to produce a metal waste form product that both addresses the performance acceptance requirements and minimizes the amount of additional materials that needed to be added to make a quality waste form.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intermetallic tends to be a strong sink for nickel. A second Zr-Fe compound, Zr 6 Fe 23 , has been identified with neutron diffraction (Abraham et al 1997). In experiments where metallic fission products have been added, these have typically resided in the intermetallic phases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Technetium Waste Form Development - Progress Report

Gelles¹,

Ermi²,

Buck³

et al. 2009

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This project has focused on the immobilization of Tc waste streams and undissolved solids (UDS) which consists mainly of the 5-metal particles (Mo-Ru-Tc-Rh-Pd). Composition of UDS will have strong impact on composition of the final waste form alloy. Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has added Re and Mo (as surrogates for Tc and UDS metals) to the SS-15Zr alloy that was previously developed for EBR-II metal wastes.Microanalysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been used to analyze a ~5 g. ingot with composition 71.3 wt% 316SS-5.3 wt% Zr-13.2 wt% Mo-4.0 wt% Rh-6.2 wt% Re prepared at the Idaho National Laboratory. Four phase fields have been identified, two of which are lamellar eutectics, with a fifth possibly present. A Zr rich phase was found distributed as fine precipitate, ~10 µm in diameter, often coating large cavities. A Mo-Fe-Re-Cr lamellar eutectic phase field appears as blocky regions ~30 µm in diameter, surrounded by a Fe-Mo-Cr lamellar eutectic phase field, and that in turn is surrounded by a Zr-Fe-Rh-Mo-Ni phase field. The eutectic phase separation reactions are different. The Mo-Fe-Re-Cr lamellar eutectic appears a result of austenitic steel forming at lower volume fraction within an Mo-Fe-Re intermetallic phase, whereas the Fe-Mo-Cr lamellar eutectic may be a result of the same intermetallic phase forming within a ferritic steel phase. Cavitation may have arisen either as a result of bubbles, or from loss of equiaxed particles during specimen preparation.v

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Section: Scanning Electron Microscopy Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Technetium Waste Form Development - Progress Report

Gelles¹,

Ermi²,

Buck³

et al. 2009

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“…The high-contrast or bright region shown in Figure 9 is the Zr(Fe, Cr, Ni) 2+x intermetallic phase and the two gray-contrast regions (one darker and the other lighter in the image) correspond to two Fe solid-solution phases. [17] The black area in Figure 9 is the epoxy mounting material underlying the alloy. Figure 10(a) shows a higher magnification (10009) micrograph of the ingot middle sample with the three phases identified in atomic percent composition for the major elemental components.…”

Section: B Metallographicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Development of the metal waste form has progressed from the initial surrogate test program [8,9] to production-scale irradiated operations and includes compositional and microstructural evaluations for phase stability, [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] corrosion testing, [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] mechanical as well as thermophysical property testing, and process qualification. [34,35] As a result of the extensive developmental test program, the following conclusions can be stated: (1) the intermetallic ZrFe 2 phase incorporates the noble metals and actinides exclusively, with the exception of technetium which may also be present in the iron solid solution, (2) the metal waste alloy is as corrosion resistant as borosilicate glass based on a variety of durability tests including immersion, electrochemical, galvanic, hydration, and toxicity, and (3) the alloy is a viable high-level waste form for geological disposal despite the recent delay in repository licensing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Irradiated Metal Waste from the Pyrometallurgical Treatment of Used EBR-II Fuel

Westphal

Frank

McCartin

et al. 2013

Metall Mater Trans A

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As part of the pyrometallurgical treatment of used Experimental Breeder Reactor-II fuel, a metal waste stream is generated consisting primarily of cladding hulls laden with fission products noble to the electrorefining process. Consolidation by melting at high temperature [1873 K (1600°C)] has been developed to sequester the noble metal fission products (Zr, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Te, and Pd) which remain in the iron-based cladding hulls. Zirconium from the uranium fuel alloy (U-10Zr) is also deposited on the hulls and forms Fe-Zr intermetallics which incorporate the noble metals as well as residual actinides during processing. Hence, Zr has been chosen as the primary indicator for consistency of the metal waste. Recently, the first production-scale metal waste ingot was generated and sampled to monitor Zr content for Fe-Zr intermetallic phase formation and validation of processing conditions. Chemical assay of the metal waste ingot revealed a homogeneous distribution of the noble metal fission products as well as the primary fuel constituents U and Zr. Microstructural characterization of the ingot confirmed the immobilization of the noble metals in the Fe-Zr intermetallic phase.

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Laves phases: a review of their functional and structural applications and an improved fundamental understanding of stability and properties

2020

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Laves phases with their comparably simple crystal structure are very common intermetallic phases and can be formed from element combinations all over the periodic table resulting in a huge number of known examples. Even though this type of phases is known for almost 100 years, and although a lot of information on stability, structure, and properties has accumulated especially during the last about 20 years, systematic evaluation and rationalization of this information in particular as a function of the involved elements is often lacking. It is one of the two main goals of this review to summarize the knowledge for some selected respective topics with a certain focus on non-stoichiometric, i.e., non-ideal Laves phases. The second, central goal of the review is to give a systematic overview about the role of Laves phases in all kinds of materials for functional and structural applications. There is a surprisingly broad range of successful utilization of Laves phases in functional applications comprising Laves phases as hydrogen storage material (Hydraloy), as magneto-mechanical sensors and actuators (Terfenol), or for wear- and corrosion-resistant coatings in corrosive atmospheres and at high temperatures (Tribaloy), to name but a few. Regarding structural applications, there is a renewed interest in using Laves phases for creep-strengthening of high-temperature steels and new respective alloy design concepts were developed and successfully tested. Apart from steels, Laves phases also occur in various other kinds of structural materials sometimes effectively improving properties, but often also acting in a detrimental way.

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Laves intermetallics in stainless steel–zirconium alloys

Cited by 57 publications

References 13 publications

Technetium Waste Form Development - Progress Report

Technetium Waste Form Development - Progress Report

Characterization of Irradiated Metal Waste from the Pyrometallurgical Treatment of Used EBR-II Fuel

Laves phases: a review of their functional and structural applications and an improved fundamental understanding of stability and properties

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