LAWS AND PROGRAMS FOR CONTROLLING NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION IN FOREST AREAS<sup>1</sup>

Brown, Thomas C.; Brown, Douglas; Binkley, Dan

doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1993.tb01500.x

Cited by 20 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Few studies have quantified the efficacy of BMPs to reduce soil erosion and sediment delivery, as well as BMP implementation costs (Brown et al ., ; Sawyers et al ., ; Wear et al ., ), but both are critical to justify BMP implementation. In particular, how effectively sediment is reduced by different intensities of BMP implementation or how effective BMPs are under the influence of individual rain events with different characteristics is not known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of increasing gravel cover on forest roads for reduced sediment delivery to stream crossings

Brown

McGuire

Aust

et al. 2014

Hydrological Processes

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Direct sediment inputs from forest roads at stream crossings are a major concern for water quality and aquatic habitat. Legacy road–stream crossing approaches, or the section of road leading to the stream, may have poor water and grade control upon reopening, thus increasing the potential for negative impacts to water quality. Rainfall simulation experiments were conducted on the entire running surface area associated with six reopened stream crossing approaches in the south‐western Virginia Piedmont physiographic region, USA. Event‐based surface run‐off and associated total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations were compared among a succession of gravel surfacing treatments that represented increasing intensities of best management practice (BMP) implementation. The three treatments were no gravel (10–19% cover), low gravel (34–60% cover), and high gravel (50–99% cover). Increased field hydraulic conductivity was associated with maximized surface cover and ranged from 7.2 to 41.6, 11.9 to 46.3, and 16.0 to 58.6 mm h−1 respectively for the no gravel, low gravel, and high gravel treatments. Median TSS concentration of surface run‐off for the no gravel treatment (2.84 g l−1) was greater than low gravel (1.10 g l−1) and high gravel (0.82 g l−1) by factors of 2.6 and 3.5 respectively. Stream crossing approaches with 90–99% surface cover had TSS concentrations below 1 g l−1. Reducing the length of road segments that drain directly to the stream can reduce the costs associated with gravel surfacing. This research demonstrates that judicious and low‐cost BMPs can ameliorate poor water control and soil erosion associated with reopening legacy roads. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of increasing gravel cover on forest roads for reduced sediment delivery to stream crossings

Brown

McGuire

Aust

et al. 2014

Hydrological Processes

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“…99 While acknowledging that primary industries, particularly agriculture, are the main sources of non-point source pollution, much of the headway in managing land-derived pollution has occurred on US Federal Lands such as the National Forest Estate. 100 According to the Organic Act that established the US Forest Service in 1897 'No national forest shall be established, except to improve and protect the forest within the boundaries, or for the purpose of securing favorable conditions of water flows'. 101 In this respect, the US Government acknowledged, even in the 19 th century, the value of ground-and forest-cover in reducing soil erosion and thereby protecting water supplies.…”

Section: Managing Diffuse Source Pollutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil governance in the agricultural landscapes of New South Wales, Australia

Webb¹,

Kelly

Dougherty

2015

IJRLP

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Soil is a valuable natural resource. In the state of New South Wales, Australia, the governance of soil has evolved since Federation in 1901. Following rapid agricultural development, and in the face of widespread soil degradation, the establishment of the Soil Conservation Service marked a turning point in the management of soil. Throughout the 20th century, advances in knowledge were translated into evolving governance frameworks that were largely reactionary but saw progressive reforms such as water pollution legislation and case studies of catchment-scale land and vegetation management. In the 21st century, significant reforms have embedded sustainable use of agricultural soils within catchment- and landscape-scale legislative and institutional frameworks. What is clear, however, is that a multitude of governance strategies and models are utilised in NSW. No single governance model is applicable to all situations because it is necessary to combine elements of several different mechanisms or instruments to achieve the most desired outcomes. Where an industry, such as the sugar industry, has taken ownership of an issue such as acid sulfate soil management, self-regulation has proven to be extremely effective. In the case of co-managing agricultural soils with other landuses, such as mining, petroleum exploration and urban development, regulation, compliance and enforcement mechanisms have been preferred. Institutional arrangements in the form of independent commissioners have also played a role. At the landscape or total catchment level, it is clear that a mix of mechanisms is required. Fundamental, however, to the successful evolution of soil governance is strategic investment in soil research and development that informs the ongoing productive use of agricultural landscapes while preventing land degradation or adverse environmental effects.

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“…Forest practices have been developed to reduce the impact of harvest activities on sediment nonpoint source (NPS) delivery (Brown, Brown, & Binkley, 1993; Lee, Smyth, & Boutin, 2004). Prudent practices require a significantly reduced amount of traffic within close proximity to stream channels, effectively limiting source areas and flow paths that may deliver sediment (Rashin, Clishe, Loch, & Bell, 2006; Ward & Jackson, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of post‐fire salvage logging stream buffer management for hillslope erosion in theU.S.Inland Northwest Mountains

Robichaud

Bone

Lewis

et al. 2020

Hydrological Processes

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Active wildfire seasons in the western U.S. warrant the evaluation of post‐fire forest management strategies. Ground‐based salvage logging is often used to recover economic loss of burned timber. In unburned forests, ground‐based logging often follows best management practices by leaving undisturbed areas near streams called stream buffers. However, the effectiveness of these buffers has not been tested in a post‐wildfire setting. This experiment tested buffer width effectiveness with a novel field‐simulated rill experiment using sediment‐laden runoff (25 g/L) released over 40 min at evenly timed flow rates (50, 100 and 150 L/min) to measure surface runoff travel length and sediment concentration under unburned and high and low soil burn severity conditions at 2‐, 10‐ and 22‐month post‐fire. High severity areas 2‐month post‐fire had rill lengths of up to 100 m. Rill length significantly decreased over time as vegetation regrowth provided ground cover. Sediment concentration and sediment dropout rate also varied significantly by soil burn severity. Sediment concentrations were 19 g/L for the highest flow 2‐month post‐fire and reduced to 6.9–14 g/L 10‐month post‐fire due to abundant vegetation recovery. The amount of sediment dropping out of the flow consistently increased over the study period with the low burn severity rate of 1.15 g L−1 m−1 approaching the unburned rate of 1.29 g L−1 m−1 by 2‐year post‐fire. These results suggest that an often‐used standard, 15 m buffer, was sufficient to contain surface runoff and reduce sediment concentration on unburned sites, however buffers on high burn severity sites need to be eight times greater (120 m) immediately after wildfire and four times greater (60 m) 1‐year post‐fire. Low burn severity areas 1‐year post‐fire may need to be only twice the width of an unburned buffer (30 m), and 2‐year post‐fire these could return to unburned widths.

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LAWS AND PROGRAMS FOR CONTROLLING NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION IN FOREST AREAS¹

Cited by 20 publications

References 2 publications

The effect of increasing gravel cover on forest roads for reduced sediment delivery to stream crossings

The effect of increasing gravel cover on forest roads for reduced sediment delivery to stream crossings

Soil governance in the agricultural landscapes of New South Wales, Australia

Effectiveness of post‐fire salvage logging stream buffer management for hillslope erosion in theU.S.Inland Northwest Mountains

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LAWS AND PROGRAMS FOR CONTROLLING NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION IN FOREST AREAS1

Cited by 20 publications

References 2 publications

The effect of increasing gravel cover on forest roads for reduced sediment delivery to stream crossings

The effect of increasing gravel cover on forest roads for reduced sediment delivery to stream crossings

Soil governance in the agricultural landscapes of New South Wales, Australia

Effectiveness of post‐fire salvage logging stream buffer management for hillslope erosion in theU.S.Inland Northwest Mountains

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LAWS AND PROGRAMS FOR CONTROLLING NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION IN FOREST AREAS¹