Lawsonia intracellularis and Virulent Rhodococcus equi Infection in a Thoroughbred Colt

Shimizu, Chika; Shibahara, Tomoyuki; Takaı̈, Shinji; Kasuya, Kazuhiko; Chikuba, Takumi; Murakoshi, Naoko; Kobayashi, Hideki; Kubo, Michinori

doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.03.005

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Equine proliferative enteropathy was first reported in horses in 1982 by Duhamel and Wheeldon (1982). Since 1996, several reports of sporadic cases and outbreaks on breeding farms have been described (Williams et al, 1996;Frank et al, 1998;Brees et al, 1999;Lavoie et al, 2000;Schumacher et al, 2000;Bihr, 2003;McClintock and Collins, 2004;Deprez et al, 2005;Dauvillier et al, 2006;Sampieri et al, 2006;Wuersch et al, 2006;Feary et al, 2007;Frazer, 2008;McGurrin et al, 2008;Pusterla et al, 2008Pusterla et al, , 2009aGuimarães-Ladeira et al, 2009;Merlo et al, 2009;Shimizu et al, 2010;Van Den Wollenberg et al, 2011). In the last few years, reported cases of EPE have been increasing, occurring primarily in post-weaning foals and occasionally in adult horses.…”

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The disease is generally manifested in foals less than one year of age and in North America is often seen between August and January (Frazer, 2008). Although the disease is commonly seen in weanling foals 4-7 months of age, cases of EPE have been seen in young adults (Shimizu et al, 2010). Lethargy, anorexia, fever (>38.5 8C), peripheral edema (ventrum, sheath, throatlatch and distal limbs; Fig.…”

Section: Clinical and Clinicopathological Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lawsonia intracellularis infection and proliferative enteropathy in foals

Pusterla

Gebhart

2013

Veterinary Microbiology

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Equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE) is a disease of foals caused by the obligate intracellular organism Lawsonia intracellularis. This organism is unique in that it causes proliferation of infected enterocytes, resulting in thickening of the intestinal epithelium, most often the small intestine. This disease affects mainly weanling foals and causes fever, lethargy, peripheral edema, diarrhea, colic and weight loss. The diagnosis of EPE may be challenging and relies on the presence of hypoproteinemia, thickening of segments of the small intestinal wall observed on abdominal ultrasonography, positive serology and molecular detection of L. intracellularis in feces. The epidemiology and genetic basis for pathogenesis for this disease is beginning to be elucidated. Phenotypic traits, genomic features, and gene expression profiles during L. intracellularis infection in vitro and in vivo are presented. In addition, this article reviews the epidemiology, pathological and clinicopathological findings, diagnosis, and control of EPE.

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Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical and Clinicopathological Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lawsonia intracellularis infection and proliferative enteropathy in foals

Pusterla

Gebhart

2013

Veterinary Microbiology

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“…; Shimizu et al . ). Proliferative enteropathy (PE) caused by L. intracellularis infection in weanlings often presents with symptoms and blood parameters identical to intestinal mycobacteriosis (Frazer ), and is the most important differential to consider in young horses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In human acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients suffering from disseminated MAC infections, the disease resembles that seen in horses: common clinical signs include fever, weight loss, diarrhoea, anaemia and elevated alkaline phosphatase (Havlik et al 1992). Differential diagnoses to consider in young horses that present with weight loss and diarrhoea include L. intracellularis (Frazer 2008) and R. equi infection (Reuss et al 2009;Shimizu et al 2010). Proliferative enteropathy (PE) caused by L. intracellularis infection in weanlings often presents with symptoms and blood parameters identical to intestinal mycobacteriosis (Frazer 2008), and is the most important differential to consider in young horses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disseminated alimentary mycobacteriosis in the horse: a retrospective study of nine cases

Mönki

Hewetson

Hahn

et al. 2015

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary This paper summarises the clinical findings of 9 cases of disseminated alimentary mycobacteriosis in horses presented at a Finnish referral equine hospital 2009–2014. Four of 9 horses were Standardbreds and 8/9 horses were male. The median age was 2 years, ranging from 6 months to 15 years. The duration of clinical signs before admission ranged from 2 weeks to 6 months. All horses demonstrated deterioration of the clinical signs after a protracted period of the disease and were finally subjected to euthanasia after poor response to multiple medical therapies. The most common complaints on admission were weight loss and diarrhoea (9/9), pyrexia (7/9), ventral oedema (7/9), lethargy (7/9) and inappetance (6/9). The most common clinicopathological abnormalities were hypoalbuminaemia and hyperfibrinogenaemia, which were present in all horses. Rectal biopsy specimens were examined from 5/9 horses and specimens were stained with Ziehl‐Nielsen (ZN). At rectal biopsy, mild multifocal neutrophilic or mild granulomatous proctitis was recognised in all 5 horses, but the ZN stain for mycobacteria was positive in only one biopsy. A liver biopsy was taken from one horse in which hepatomegaly was observed clinically and revealed marked granulomatous hepatitis with the presence of mycobacteria. The rectal biopsy from this horse was ZN negative. At post mortem examination, chronic, multifocal to coalescing granulomatous typhlocolitis and lymphadenitis were found in all horses with the small intestine less frequently involved. At histopathological examination of post mortem samples, a ZN stain was performed and intracellular acid‐fast bacilli were identified in macrophages and multinucleated giant cells in the large intestine, liver and lymph nodes in 9/9 horses and in the small intestine in 5/9 horses. Mycobacterium avium ssp. hominissuis was isolated in 5/9 horses from post mortem samples.

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“…Tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for several days. Formalin-fixed tissues were trimmed, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned at 3 m. Immunolabeling and visualization were performed as described previously with the universal immunoenzyme polymer method using a Histofine Simple Stain MAX-PO kit (Nichirei Co., Tokyo, Japan) (19). In brief, the serial sections were pretreated with 0.1% actinase for 20 min at 37°C, and endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked using 3% H 2 O 2 in methanol for 30 min at room temperature.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Monoclonal Antibodies to West Nile Virus and Their Application in Immunohistochemistry

Hirota¹,

Shimizu²,

Shibahara³

et al. 2012

Clin. Vaccine Immunol.

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West Nile virus (WNV) is endemic throughout Africa, Eurasia, America, and Australia and has important implications for avian, horse, and human health. In these regions, dead birds are monitored for the presence of WNV through immunohistochemistry (IHC) and PCR. However, a number of the tools for IHC are inadequate owing to their cross-reactivity to other Japanese encephalitis serogroup viruses. Here we have established eight monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to WNV. Four of them bound to the envelope protein, three of them bound to nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), and one bound to precursor membrane protein (prM), as shown by Western blot analysis. The anti-NS1 MAbs and the anti-prM MAb did not cross-react with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Murray valley encephalitis virus, or St. Louis encephalitis virus in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. One NS1-specific MAb, SHW-32B1, and the previously reported NS1-specific MAb, SHW-7A11, were shown by IHC to specifically detect the cytoplasm of degenerated cells in the heart and brain of a WNV-infected goose. Neither of these MAbs were shown by IHC to crossreact with degenerated cells in the brain of a JEV-infected pig. These MAbs are the first reported anti-NS1 MAbs that can be used for WNV-specific IHC using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. They may be useful for WNV research and surveillance.

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Lawsonia intracellularis and Virulent Rhodococcus equi Infection in a Thoroughbred Colt

Cited by 22 publications

References 23 publications

Lawsonia intracellularis infection and proliferative enteropathy in foals

Lawsonia intracellularis infection and proliferative enteropathy in foals

Disseminated alimentary mycobacteriosis in the horse: a retrospective study of nine cases

Development of Monoclonal Antibodies to West Nile Virus and Their Application in Immunohistochemistry

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