The
stability and compatibility of a nanomaterial in a substrate
matrix are a tough challenge in preparing thin-film nanocomposite
membranes. In this study, we fabricated a ternary nanocomposite membrane
substrate consisting of polyethersulfone (PES), quaternary graphene
oxide (QGO), and sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES). First, SPES was
blended with the PES substrate, and then different concentrations
of QGO were incorporated within this substrate. The effect of QGO
on the substrate morphology, hydrophilicity, and porosity was analyzed
via scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle measurement,
and gravimetric methods, respectively. The optimum loading of QGO
significantly enhanced the hydrophilicity, porosity, and water permeability
of the PES/SPES support layer. In addition, the effect of QGO on the
polyamide rejection layer morphology and performance was thoroughly
investigated. The result shows that a thin, smooth, and defect-free
polyamide (PA) layer was formed on hydrophilic QGO-based substrates.
Intrinsic separation performance data verified these results, where
the PA layer formed on the QGO-based substrate presented the highest
water permeability. The forward osmosis test also demonstrated the
positive impact of QGO incorporation on the performance of membrane
substrates. The optimal TFC-QS0.5 (containing 0.5 wt % of QGO) membrane
has a water flux of 24.4 LMH in the forward osmosis mode and 32.1
LMH in the pressure-retarded osmosis mode when using a 1 M NaCl draw
solution and deionized water feed solution.