Layered aluminosilicate nanoskeletons: The structure and properties of nanoherbicide formulations

Herbicidal weed management practices: History and future prospects of nanotechnology in an eco-friendly crop production system

“…Weeds are considered as the most harmful pests (compared to birds, animals, insects, and pathogens) in crop production, and cause significant losses in terms of yield and quality. Therefore, weed management is an important aspect of crop production because weeds have such a dynamic and stubborn nature ([ 1 ], Santosh Kumar [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]). Generally, weeds compete with crops for light, water, nutrients, and space because they exist at the same trophic level of the food chain as crop plants [ 1 , [5] , [6] , [7] ].…”

“…In weed science, “weed management” is a more appropriate term than “weed control”. Weed management involves keeping the weed population below the weed threshold level [ 8 , 9 ].…”

“…2 ). Furthermore, the excessive and indiscriminate use of herbicides and their dominance in weed control has triggered the rapid generation of HR weeds [ 9 , 17 , 20 ]. Moreover, the environmental losses of the active ingredients of herbicides can cause serious damage to our environment and threaten all living organisms [ 11 , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , 19 ].…”

“…The application of herbicides has become a global issue because of the problems they cause for the environment and the food chain [ 3 , 5 , 8 , 25 ]. It has been reported that >90% of applied pesticides (including herbicides, insecticides, fungicides) do not reach the target pest and are lost in different ways, resulting in water, soil, air, and food contamination [ [26] , [27] , [28] ]. The ways herbicides are lost are illustrated below in Fig.…”

Controlled release herbicide formulation for effective weed control efficacy

“…In global agricultural markets, weeds are estimated to be the highest cause of potential yield loss (34%) when compared with animals (18%) and pathogens (16%) 1 – 4 . Weeds adversely affect crop production in terms of quality, economy and environment 4 – 6 . Both narrow and broad-leaf weeds have detrimental impacts on crop fields, however broad-leaf weeds are considered the biggest weed pest worldwide 1 , 7 , 8 .…”