Layers of nocturnal insect migrants at high‐altitude: the influence of atmospheric conditions on their formation

Wood, Curtis W.; Clark, S. J.; Barlow, Janet F.; Chapman, Jason W.

doi:10.1111/j.1461-9563.2009.00459.x

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Simulated vertical density profiles (Figure 9a) are further consistent with recent radar observations of SBW mass migration events [19]. Indeed, temperature responses by migrating insects remain among one of the most plausible factors of the atmosphere influencing the formation of flight layers in and above the atmospheric boundary layer across a broad range of insect taxa and flight seasons [6,18,44]. Temperature constraints on flight may further explain temperature dependence in the timing of liftoff relative to sunset and dusk [9], as we have explored in a companion paper [17].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Modeling Migratory Flight in the Spruce Budworm: Temperature Constraints

Régnière

Delisle

Sturtevant

et al. 2019

Forests

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We describe an individual-based model of spruce budworm moth migration founded on the premise that flight liftoff, altitude, and duration are constrained by the relationships between wing size, body weight, wingbeat frequency, and air temperature. We parameterized this model with observations from moths captured in traps or observed migrating under field conditions. We further documented the effects of prior defoliation on the size and weight (including fecundity) of migrating moths. Our simulations under idealized nocturnal conditions with a stable atmospheric boundary layer suggest that the ability of gravid female moths to migrate is conditional on the progression of egg-laying. The model also predicts that the altitude at which moths migrate varies with the temperature profile in the boundary layer and with time during the evening and night. Model results have implications for the degree to which long-distance dispersal by spruce budworm might influence population dynamics in locations distant from outbreak sources, including how atmospheric phenomena such as wind convergence might influence these processes. To simulate actual migration flights en masse, the proposed model will need to be linked to regional maps of insect populations, a phenology model, and weather model outputs of both large-and small-scale atmospheric conditions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Modeling Migratory Flight in the Spruce Budworm: Temperature Constraints

Régnière

Delisle

Sturtevant

et al. 2019

Forests

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“…In the present study, the above classification scheme was extended to produce a new aggregate index, the nocturnal layer quality (NLQ), which could represent the layer quality for a particular night (Wood, 2007). To calculate the NLQ, the mean of all LQ values of 4, 5 and 6 was taken for the period 21:00–23:50 h UTC (all times in this paper are in UTC) resulting in a single value for 12 early evening profiles.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flight periodicity and the vertical distribution of high-altitude moth migration over southern Britain

Wood

Reynolds

Wells

et al. 2009

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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The continuous operation of insect-monitoring radars in the UK has permitted, for the first time, the characterization of various phenomena associated with high-altitude migration of large insects over this part of northern Europe. Previous studies have taken a case-study approach, concentrating on a small number of nights of particular interest. Here, combining data from two radars, and from an extensive suction- and light-trapping network, we have undertaken a more systematic, longer-term study of diel flight periodicity and vertical distribution of macro-insects in the atmosphere. Firstly, we identify general features of insect abundance and stratification, occurring during the 24-hour cycle, which emerge from four years' aggregated radar data for the summer months in southern Britain. These features include mass emigrations at dusk and, to a lesser extent, at dawn and daytime concentrations associated with thermal convection. We then focus our attention on the well-defined layers of large nocturnal migrants that form in the early evening, usually at heights of 200-500 m above ground. We present evidence from both radar and trap data that these nocturnal layers are composed mainly of noctuid moths, with species such as Noctua pronuba, Autographa gamma, Agrotis exclamationis, A. segetum, Xestia c-nigrum and Phlogophora meticulosa predominating.

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“…During the past few decades numerous empirical and theoretical studies have addressed the influence of atmospheric dynamics on animals’ migrations (for overviews see Richardson 1978 , 1990 ; Drake and Farrow 1988 ; Dingle 1996 ; Liechti 2006 ; Newton 2008 ). Atmospheric conditions are known to influence the onset of migration (Shamoun-Baranes et al 2006 ; Gill et al 2009 ), migration phenology (Hüppop and Hüppop 2003 ; Jonzen et al 2006 ; Bauer et al 2008 ), stopover decisions (Åkesson and Hedenström 2000 ; Dänhardt and Lindström 2001 ; Schaub et al 2004 ; Wikelski et al 2006 ; Brattström et al 2008 ), flight speeds (Garland and Davis 2002 ; Shamoun-Baranes et al 2003a ; Kemp et al in review), flight altitudes (Bruderer et al 1995 ; Wood et al 2006 , 2010 ; Reynolds et al 2009 ; Schmaljohann et al 2009 ), flight strategy (Gibo and Pallett 1979 ; Pennycuick et al 1979 ; Gibo 1981 ; Spaar and Bruderer 1997 ; Spaar et al 1998 ; Sapir 2009 ), orientation and trajectories (Thorup et al 2003 ; Chapman et al 2008 ; Srygley and Dudley 2008 ; Chapman et al 2010 ), migration intensity or probability (Erni et al 2002 ; Reynolds 2006 ; Cryan and Brown 2007 ; Stefanescu et al 2007 ; van Belle et al 2007 ; Leskinen et al 2009 ), as well as migratory success (Erni et al 2005 ; Reilly and Reilly 2009 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Meteorology into Research on Migration

Shamoun‐Baranes¹,

Bouten²,

Loon³

2010

Integrative and Comparative Biology

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Atmospheric dynamics strongly influence the migration of flying organisms. They affect, among others, the onset, duration and cost of migration, migratory routes, stop-over decisions, and flight speeds en-route. Animals move through a heterogeneous environment and have to react to atmospheric dynamics at different spatial and temporal scales. Integrating meteorology into research on migration is not only challenging but it is also important, especially when trying to understand the variability of the various aspects of migratory behavior observed in nature. In this article, we give an overview of some different modeling approaches and we show how these have been incorporated into migration research. We provide a more detailed description of the development and application of two dynamic, individual-based models, one for waders and one for soaring migrants, as examples of how and why to integrate meteorology into research on migration. We use these models to help understand underlying mechanisms of individual response to atmospheric conditions en-route and to explain emergent patterns. This type of models can be used to study the impact of variability in atmospheric dynamics on migration along a migratory trajectory, between seasons and between years. We conclude by providing some basic guidelines to help researchers towards finding the right modeling approach and the meteorological data needed to integrate meteorology into their own research.

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Layers of nocturnal insect migrants at high‐altitude: the influence of atmospheric conditions on their formation

Cited by 22 publications

References 32 publications

Modeling Migratory Flight in the Spruce Budworm: Temperature Constraints

Modeling Migratory Flight in the Spruce Budworm: Temperature Constraints

Flight periodicity and the vertical distribution of high-altitude moth migration over southern Britain

Integrating Meteorology into Research on Migration

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