LC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS/MS characterization of phenolic compounds in wines fromVitis vinifera‘Shesh i bardhë’ and ‘Vlosh’ cultivars

Abstract

Grapevine (Vitis spp.) is globally known as one of the essential fruit species, evidenced in the production of wine, grape juice, and other food formulations (Torregrosa et al., 2015). Its annual world production reached more than 79 million tons in 2018, being one of the world's largest fruit crops, while wine production over 29 million tones (OIV, 2019). Produced by must fermentation of grape, wine is considered a product of high commercial importance (Markoski et al., 2016).It contains polyphenols such as anthocyanins, flavonols, and stilbenes (resveratrol), which originate mainly from red grapes' seeds and skins (Flamini et al., 2013). Polyphenols are secondary metabolites, which based on their chemical structure are divided into two major groups: flavonoid and non-flavonoid compounds (Waterhouse, 2002).These natural metabolites arise from either the shikimate pathway or 'polyketide' acetate/malonate pathway, or both, producing monomeric and polymeric phenols (Lattanzio et al., 2008). The flavonoids' group comprises different flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavanols, anthocyanins, chalcones, and dihydrochalcones (Kennedy, 2008;Waterhouse, 2002), while non-flavonoids include phenolic acids and stilbenes (Fernandes et al., 2017). A complex relationship between the factors such as temperature, sunlight, soil, water availability, and physiological process of the vine variety influence the wine quality

Targeted analysis for the detection of phenolics and authentication of Albanian wines using LC-DAD/ESI–MS/MS combined with chemometric tools

“…In contrast, the Kavaja county wines had phenolic acids, stilbenoids, and specific compounds from hydroxybenzoic acid and flavanols subgroups in the case of Shib wines. Data from a previous publication by Topi and coauthors (2022) [ 27 ] were introduced to perform discrimination analysis.

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“…Wine is easily adulterated; consequently, the authenticity of wine contributes to consumer protection and defends producers from unfair competition. As such, ensuring the authenticity of wine is crucial for safeguarding both consumers and producers through investigating the phenolic classes [ 10 , 26 ,][27]] [][ [10] , [26] , [27] ][]. Authenticity is closely tied to factors like grape variety, terroir, and vintage, with certain regions and countries known for producing wines of superior quality and subsequent higher retail value.…”

“…Albania, a Mediterranean country, has a thriving agricultural sector focusing on olive, vine, and other plants native to this region. In recent years, olive oil and wine production have grown significantly, contributing to the country's sustainable development [ 27 , 29 ]. The country boasts unique grape varieties, including Kallmet, Shesh i zi (ShiZ), and Shesh i bardhë (ShiB), which have been cultivated for a long time and are the most important in terms of the planted area [ [30] , [31] , [32] ].…”

Application of toasted vine-shoot chips and ultrasound treatment in the ageing of Primitivo wine

“…In this case the data-dependent settings were full scan from 140 to 800 m / z for negative ionization mode and from 200 to 1000 for positive ionization., activation level 500 counts, isolation width 2 Da, default charge state 2, and CID energy 35. Tentative identification of compounds was performed using mass spectra (MS 2 ), λ max , and retention time accordingly to literature [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] . Analytical grade standards were used for quantitation by the external standard method (R 2 = 0.9972−0.9999): (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin were purchased from phyproof® (PhytoLab, Dutendorfer, Germany); myricetin, gallic acid, caftaric acid, syringic acid, ellagic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); trans -resveratrol was purchased from United States Pharmacopeia (USP, Maryland, United States).…”