LC/MS analysis of brevetoxin metabolites in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica)

Wang, Zhihong; Plakas, Steven M.; Said, Kathleen R. El; Jester, Edward L.E.; Granade, Hudson R.; Dickey, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.017

Cited by 82 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In addition, amino acid conjugates and oxidation products known to occur in aerosols and by shellfish metabolism, which typically result from altered side chains in the tail region or ring openings in the head region of the PbTx-2 molecule ( Fig. 8; Plakas et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2004;Abraham et al, 2006), were not observed by LC-MS in our experiments, further eliminating these metabolites as possible products via phytoplankton competitors. In only one instance has a brevetoxin metabolite (BTx-B3) been reported with functional modifications along the brevetoxin polyether backbone, which Morohashi et al (1995) proposed resulted from a species-specific detoxification mechanism by the greenshell mussel, but we found no evidence for BTx-B3 in our samples, despite searching for appropriate molecular ions by LC-MS.…”

Section: Pbtx-2 Is Not Transformed Into Previously Characterized Brevmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…When released by cell lysis, brevetoxin molecular structures can be altered abiotically by oxidative and UV-intense conditions found during blooms (Abraham et al, 2006). In addition, some marine organisms have been shown to metabolize brevetoxins (Poli et al, 2000;Naar et al, 2004;Plakas et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2004). Therefore, we considered whether competing phytoplankton could affect brevetoxin dynamics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Loss of waterborne brevetoxins from exposure to phytoplankton competitors

et al. 2008

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Section: Pbtx-2 Is Not Transformed Into Previously Characterized Brevmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loss of waterborne brevetoxins from exposure to phytoplankton competitors

et al. 2008

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“…The solution concentrations were quantified by using mass spectrometry (Twiner et al 2007) and an ELISA antibody protocol (Maucher et al 2007), which has an estimated detection limit of 100 pg / ml. Approximately 97% of the brevetoxins within these extracts was PbTx-1 and PbTx-2, as identified by liquid chromatography / mass spectrometry (following Wang et al 2004;Zhihong Wang, unpublished data). Purified PbTx-2 and PbTx-3 were obtained from World Ocean Solutions, Wilmington, NC, USA; PbTx-1 was unavailable.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benthic Herbivores are not Deterred by Brevetoxins Produced by the Red Tide Dinoflagellate Karenia Brevis

et al. 2009

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Gulf of Mexico blooms of the dinoflagellate Karenia brevis produce neurotoxic cyclic polyethers called brevetoxins. During and after a red tide bloom in southwestern Florida, K. brevis cells lyse and release brevetoxins, which then sink to the benthos and coat the surfaces of seagrasses and their epiphytes. We tested the possibility that these brevetoxin-laden foods alter the feeding behavior and fitness of a common benthic herbivore within Floridean seagrass beds, the amphipod Ampithoe longimana. We demonstrated that coating foods with K. brevis extracts that contain brevetoxins at post-bloom concentrations (1 microg g(-1) drymass) does not alter the feeding rates of Florida nor North Carolina populations of A. longimana, although a slight deterrent effect was found at eight and ten-fold greater concentrations. During a series of feeding choice assays, A. longimana tended not to be deterred by foods coated with K. brevis extracts nor with the purified brevetoxins PbTx-2 and PbTx-3. Florida juveniles isolated with either extract-coated or control foods for 10 days did not differ in survivorship nor growth. A similar lack of feeding response to brevetoxin-laden foods also was exhibited by two other generalist herbivores of the southeastern United States, the amphipod A. valida and the urchin Arbacia punctulata. Given that benthic mesograzers constitute a significant portion of the diet for the juvenile stage of many nearshore fishes, we hypothesize that the ability of some mesograzers to feed on and retain brevetoxins in their bodies indicates that mesograzers may represent an important route of vertical transmission of brevetoxins through higher trophic levels within Gulf of Mexico estuaries.

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“…Btx-2 (type B) currently is assumed to be the most abundant in algae (landsberg, 2002;Plakas and Dickey, 2010). It currently is assumed that human exposure occurs via consumption of shellfish, mollusks, and finfish, and that humans are primarily exposed to BTX-metabolites formed by shellfish, mollusks, and finfish rather than to the parent toxin molecules (Abraham et al, 2008(Abraham et al, , 2006Dickey et al, 1999;Fire et al, 2008;Ishida et al, 1996Ishida et al, , 2004aIshida et al, ,c, 1995Morohashi et al, 1995Morohashi et al, , 1999Murata et al, 1998;Plakas and Dickey, 2010;Plakas et al, 2002;Shimizu et al, 1986;Wang et al, 2004).…”

Section: Pectenotoxin Poisoning (Pep) Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Functional, biochemical and biomolecular assays lC-MS/MS methodologies have been developed, evaluated and have been used for detection of Btx since the mid 1990s (Dickey et al, 1999Fire et al, 2008;Hua and Cole, 2000;Hua et al, 1995;Ishida et al, 2004a,b,c;Nozawa et al, 2003;Pierce et al, 2006;Plakas et al, 2002Plakas et al, , 2008Plakas et al, , 2004Wang and Cole, 2009;Wang et al, 2004;McNabb et al, 2012). the reported LOQ are 2, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.4 µg/kg shellfish meat for BTX-2, Btx-3, Btx-B5 and Btx-B1, respectively.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

A roadmap for hazard monitoring and risk assessment of marine biotoxins on the basis of chemical and biological test systems

Daneshian

2013

ALTEX

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Summary Aquatic food accounts for over 40% of global animal food products, and the potential contamination with toxins of algal origin -marine biotoxins -poses a health threat for consumers. The gold standards to assess toxins in aquatic food have traditionally been in vivo methodssingle marine biotoxins or combinations of marine biotoxins and intoxication symptomatology as well as monitoring the "success" of controls implemented during fishery and aquaculture production, processing, and retailing. For this reason, a workshop was organized in ermatingen, Switzerland by the Center for Alternatives to Animal testing -europe (CAAteurope) within the framework of the transatlantic think tank for toxicology (t 4 ).In contrast to other food products where hygiene and potential contamination with microbes or mold toxins is the prime issue, the emphasis in aquatic products (shellfish and finfish) is, beyond viral and bacterial contaminations, primarily placed on potential contamination with marine biotoxins owing to the numerous and recurring human intoxications.The gold standards to assess toxins in aquatic food have traditionally been in vivo methods, i.e., the mouse and the rat bioassays. Besides the ethical issues of in vivo bioassays there are specific difficulties, e.g., different exposure route (i.p. versus oral), low inter-species comparability, high intra-species variability, and questionable extrapolation of quantitative risk to humans, thus highlighting the need for the development of more reliable detection and quantification methods. Based on this reasoning, the european Food Safety Authority (eFSA) advocates the use of an analytical method, i.e., LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography coupled Mass Spectrometry), as a substitute for in vivo bioassays for almost all classes of marine toxins. However, although lC-MS is a very sensitive method that has the advantages of being able to detect multiple toxins in a single analysis and being good for confirming the identity of toxins, the quality of quantitative analysis is dependent on the availability of calibration standards. While many new toxin structural analogues have been detected and identified using LC-MS, this technique -as with most other methods -is not good at detecting new toxin types. When new toxin analogues are detected but accurate standards are not yet available, only an approximate quantitation is possible using estimated response factors.For the purpose of risk assessment of food, however, it is imperative to focus on the possible adverse effects, independent of whether they stem from one toxin or a combination of toxins. As toxicity is defined by functional and structural changes of biological systems, the development of a human-relevant in vitro system for appropriate risk assessment of marine biotoxins in seafood stands to reason. Moreover, poor correlation of human intoxications, of acute symptomatology and long-term adverse effects, and of predictive in vitro, in vivo, and analytical detection methodologies of marine biotoxins stems not least from a...

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LC/MS analysis of brevetoxin metabolites in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica)

Cited by 82 publications

References 9 publications

Loss of waterborne brevetoxins from exposure to phytoplankton competitors

Loss of waterborne brevetoxins from exposure to phytoplankton competitors

Benthic Herbivores are not Deterred by Brevetoxins Produced by the Red Tide Dinoflagellate Karenia Brevis

A roadmap for hazard monitoring and risk assessment of marine biotoxins on the basis of chemical and biological test systems

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