LC-MS/MS Analysis of Fumonisin B1, B2, B3, and Their Hydrolyzed Metabolites in Broiler Chicken Feed and Excreta

Abstract

An accurate, reliable, and specific method was developed for the quantitative determination of fumonisins B1, B2, B3, and their hydrolyzed metabolites, HFB1, HFB2, and HFB3, in broiler chicken feed and excreta using ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The samples were extracted and diluted for the determination of parent fumonisins. Another portion of the extracted samples was alkaline-hydrolyzed and cleaned using a strong anionic exchange adsorbent (MAX) for the determination of hydrolyzed fumonisins. Chromatographic separation was performed on a CORTECS C18 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.6 μm) using 0.2% formic acid aqueous solution and methanol with 0.2% formic acid as the mobile phase under gradient elution. The six fumonisins, FB1, FB2, FB3, HFB1, HFB2, and HFB3, were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry using multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The six fumonisins showed good linearity, with relative coefficients of r > 0.99. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) were 160 μg/kg. At the low, medium, and high spiked levels, the recovery of fumonisins in chicken feed and excreta ranged from 82.6 to 115.8%, with a precision (RSD) of 3.9–18.9%. This method was successfully applied to investigate the migration and transformation of fumonisins in broiler chickens.

Effect of Baking Conditions and Glucose Addition on the Changes and Transformations between Fumonisins and their Covert Forms during Corn Crisp Processing

“…The linear correlation coefficients ( R 2 ) and recoveries for FBs and HFBs were highly precise, ranging from 0.9962% to 0.9999% and 86.70% to 100.18%, respectively, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 15%. These results are consistent with previously reported R 2 values and recoveries, indicating the reliability of the method used in this study. , Moreover, the LODs and LOQs for FB1, FB2, FB3, HFB1, HFB2, and HFB3 were found to be lower than those reported in a previous study, demonstrating the increased sensitivity of the method . The LODs ranged from 2.12 to 17.75 ng/g, while the LOQs ranged from 6.22 to 35.49 ng/g, which is significant for detecting low levels of FBs and HFBs in samples.…”

“…Among the individual HFBs, HFB1 and HFB2 reached their peak levels (848.39 ± 1.19 and 1382.97 ± 80.08 ng/g), respectively, after 20 min of baking, while HFB3 reached its highest level (194.96 ± 11.77 ng/g) after 10 min of baking (Figure I–K). Several studies have reported the conversion of FBs to HFBs by enzymatic decomposition and alkaline hydrolysis. ,, Alkaline cooking has been shown to convert complex forms of FBs to HFBs in complex food matrixes. , However, in this study, the alkaline hydrolysis of FBs was completed, and partially HFBs were not detected in the determination results, which is consistent with the results of a previous study …”

“…17,27 Moreover, the LODs and LOQs for FB1, FB2, FB3, HFB1, HFB2, and HFB3 were found to be lower than those reported in a previous study, demonstrating the increased sensitivity of the method. 17 The LODs ranged from 2.12 to 17.75 ng/g, while the LOQs ranged from 6.22 to 35.49 ng/g, which is significant for detecting low levels of FBs and HFBs in samples. Since FB2 and FB3 as well as HFB2 and HFB3 have identical ion pairs, a single standard was used to determine the peak sequence.…”

“…Chemical properties of fumonisins, including the ability to bind to reducing sugars and large molecules such as proteins and starch, make them challenging to detect . Recent studies have been shown that hydrolyzed fumonisin Bs (HFBs) are present in certain food samples at higher levels and can have toxic effects. − Two products of FB1 resulting from the reaction with sugar, N -(carboxymethyl) FB1 (NCM FB1) and N -(deoxy- d -fructos-1-yl) FB1 (NDF FB1), were also toxic but less so than FB1. , Moreover, fumonisins can be covalently bound to reducing sugars during food processing, which makes them even more challenging to detect and control. − Although covert fumonisins are not easily detectable in food systems, they can still pose a threat to human health when they are metabolized in the body. , Thus, it is crucial to continue researching covert fumonisins and develop new methods to detect and control them effectively.…”

Destruction of Mycotoxins in Poultry Waste under Anaerobic Conditions within Methanogenesis Catalyzed by Artificial Microbial Consortia

“…Even if the residual concentrations of FUMs detected in excreta may be overestimated by 15–19% [ 95 ], the destruction of these mycotoxins by enzymes present in the cells of methanogenic consortia is clearly insufficient. Moreover, conversion degree of FUMs can be up to 67% ( Table 3 ), with alkaline pretreatment of substrates containing mycotoxins before their loading to AD.…”