LC-MS/MS determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables

Abstract

The aim of the research is to evaluate pesticide residue contamination of fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables, agricultural raw material, purchased from Polish farmers for production of frozen fruits and vegetables, and the estimation of the multiresidue method effectiveness expressed as the proportion of pesticides detected in food samples to the total number of pesticides analyzed by multiresidue methods. A total of 144 samples (of black currants, red currants, raspberries, cherries, strawberries, blackberries, cauliflowers and broccoli) were analyzed using LC-MS/MS method for the determination of 60 pesticides. QuEChERS extraction, matrix-matched calibration and dynamic multiple reaction monitoring method were used. Residues of 15 compounds, mainly fungicides and insecticides, were detected in 46 samples. The percentage of samples with residues above the maximum residue levels (MRL) was 15%, whereas samples with residues below MRL were 17%. A total of 13 samples contained more than one pesticide residue. Pesticide residues were detected most often in samples of black currants (50%), broccoli (36.4%), raspberries (29%) and red currants (21.8%). The most frequently detected pesticides were carbendazim and acetamiprid. The proportion of pesticides detected during our study to the total number of analyzed pesticides amounted to 25%. It was compared to literature findings. For three fourth of multiresidue methods, the proportion was below 50% for methods developed for the analysis of less than 100 pesticides, and below 30% for methods developed for the analysis of more than 100 pesticides. It appears that a lot of efforts and means is lost on pesticides never or rarely detected in examined samples. The workload and cost effectiveness of the development and application of multiresidue methods along with the range of pesticides covered by the method should be carefully and thoroughly considered anytime when a new method or workflow is developed. Including non-targeted screenings in pesticide residue control seems to be an alternative worth considering.

Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Portuguese Lettuce—Results of a Case Study

“…leading to acute, chronic, or subchronic problems [7]. Some fruit and vegetables are at the top of the list of foods that contain the highest pesticide levels, since most of them are grown close to the soil, are eaten raw, and are without the need to remove the skin [8]. Lettuce is one of the most consumed leafy vegetables worldwide, being a basic component of raw salads prepared in domestic households.…”

Quercetin abates induction of hepatic and renal oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis in carbendazim-treated rats

“…The main routes of exposure to CBZ include inhalation and consumption of contaminated water, fruits, and vegetables. 7 Several experimental studies have demonstrated that CBZ adversely affects the reproductive system and disrupts endocrine function in animals. 8,9 Recent studies have also shown that CBZ induces renal and hepatic toxicity 10,11 which can be associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis and hepatic lipid metabolism disorder.…”

Developments in the Monitoring of Patulin in Fruits Using Liquid Chromatography: an Overview

“…They are also rich in organic acids (citric, fumaric, tartaric) that determine taste and flavor and typically contain low amounts of fat and proteins (Ruby et al 2000;Sturm et al 2003). Some fruits (mainly berries) are rich sources of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds possessing antioxidant activity (Määttä et al 2003;Pavlović et al 2013), but fruits might be also a source of toxic elements, mycotoxins, or pesticides (Pavlović et al 2013;Stachniuk et al 2017).…”