LC/MS/MS Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Capacity, Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme (ACE) and Glutathione S Transferase (GST) Inhibitory Properties of Ultrasound‐Assisted Propolis Extracts

Abstract

Resinous beehive product propolis has many biological activities. It contains various aromatic substances that have great differences in their chemical composition depending on the natural flora. Thus, chemical characterization and biological properties of propolis samples is an important subject for the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, the propolis samples collected from three cities in Turkey were prepared as methanol (MEP), ethanol (EEP), chloroform (ChlEP), hexane (HxEP), and ethyl acetate (EAEP) extracts using an ultrasonic assisted technique. The antioxidant capacities of the samples were evaluated by free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), cation radical scavenging activity (ABTS), and reducing activity (CUPRAC) and (FRAP). The strongest biological activities were detected in ethanol and methanol extracts. Enzyme inhibition of the propolis samples were determined against the human glutathione S-transferase (GST) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). IC 50 values of MEP1, MEP2, and MEP3 samples against the ACE were found as 13.9 μg/mL, 14.8 μg/mL, and 12.8 μg/mL, while against the GST IC 50 values of MEP1, MEP2, and MEP3 samples were as 5.92 μg/mL, 9.49 μg/ mL, and 5.72 μg/mL. To know the possible causes of the biological test results advanced LC/MS/MS method was applied. trans-ferulic acid, kaempferol, and chrysin were found as the most abundant phenolic compounds in each sample. The propolis extracts obtained using the proper solvent have a good potential to be used in pharmaceuticals to treat the diseases related to oxidative damage, hypertension, and inflammation. Finally, the interactions between chrysin, trans-ferulic acid and kaempferol molecules with ACE and GST receptors were analyzed using molecular docking study. Selected molecules interact with active residues by binding to the active site of the receptors.

Membrane‐Based Preparation Process and Antioxidant and Anti‐AGEs Activities of a Novel Propolis Ultrafiltrate

“…In addition, qualitative and quantitative profiling results confirmed that P30K had the similar profile of flavonoids and phenolic acids as raw propolis [20,27] . Given the chemical composition greatly influence its bioactivities, and the present ultrafiltration process can retain its active components profile, so it is suitable for raw propolis pretreatment [28,29] …”

“…[20,27] Given the chemical composition greatly influence its bioactivities, and the present ultrafiltration process can retain its active components profile, so it is suitable for raw propolis pretreatment. [28,29] The membrane filtration dynamic model fitted with y = (ax…”

In vitro and in vivo antioxidant therapeutic evaluation of phytochemicals from different parts of Dodonaea viscosa Jacq

“…Its rich level is expected to offer a diverse defense system to living cells. GST is involved in the inactivation of xenobiotics, and it scavenges toxic substances and prevents the formation of free radicals (Aras et al, 2023). Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is the most abundantly produced endogenous free radical and is widely known to produce oxidative stress.…”