“…Although they first came to light in the late 1980s (Memmi, 1989), it was not until the late 1990s that studies began to turn them into a sui generis category whose general properties needed to be determined (Topalov, 1999). Fields in which IS have been identified include: medical ethics (Memmi, 1989), urban policies (Topalov, 1999; Tissot, 2007; Payre, 2007; Ho-Pun-Cheung, 2021), social problems such as drug addiction (Mauger, 2001) and school failure (Morel, 2014), international expertise (Eyal, 2002, 2006; Dezalay, 2008; Stampnitzky, 2013a; Soussoko, 2022), European law and policy (Vauchez, 2008, 2011; Vauchez & Mudge, 2012; Lebrou, 2015), think tanks (Medvetz, 2012; Lepont, 2017), social work (Mauger, 2012; Rodriguez Blanco, 2023), social and cultural activities (Mauger, 2015), interdisciplinary sciences (Panofsky, 2011, 2014), government communication (Hubé, 2020), and diplomatic relations (Ferré, 2021). Pierre Bourdieu defined fields as spaces that, through processes of institutionalization, have grown autonomous around a specific interest (Bourdieu, 1971).…”