“…This increase in animal productivity is due to an intensive selection, which in the past was purely based on phenotype, and in the present is facilitated by a deeper knowledge of genetics, and by breeding programs designed with the sole goal of increasing each animal's milk yield, whose effectiveness have increased greatly over time (Clay et al, 2020;Dechow et al, 2007;Hansen, 2000). However, this intensive selection has resulted in the decay of the functional characteristics of animals, such as the ease of calving, fertility, udder health, and longevity, as well as high inbreeding rates (Dezetter et al, 2019;El-Tarabany et al, 2016;Heringstad et al, 2003;Veerkamp et al, 2001). Due to its status as the most important breed in the dairy industry world-wide, the Holstein has been primarily affected by these changes, with the selection for high milk yield and larger body size impacting its overall health, longevity and functional characteristics (Hansen, 2000;Ma et al, 2019).…”