Leachates from plastic consumer products – Screening for toxicity with Daphnia magna

Lithner, Delilah; Damberg, Jeanette; Dave, Göran; Larsson, Åke

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.11.022

Cited by 264 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The majority of aquatic species in Lake Ontario are closely connected to nearshore benthic habitats, and microplastics contamination of these sediments may be directly affecting the health of the lake ecosystem at many trophic levels. Although plastics are not classified as hazardous waste in Canada, certain plastic products, such as polycarbonate CD-ROM discs and polyurethane foams commonly used in furniture, are manufactured from hazardous derivatives (Lithner et al, 2009). Additives such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and sinks of microplastics in Canadian Lake Ontario nearshore, tributary and beach sediments

Ballent

Corcoran

Madden

et al. 2016

Marine Pollution Bulletin

569

230

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Microplastics contamination of Lake Ontario sediments is investigated with the aim of identifying distribution patterns and hotspots in nearshore, tributary and beach depositional environments. Microplastics are concentrated in nearshore sediments in the vicinity of urban and industrial regions. In Humber Bay and Toronto Harbour microplastic concentrations were consistently >500 particles per kg dry sediment. Maximum concentrations of ~28,000 particles per kg dry sediment were determined in Etobicoke Creek. The microplastic particles were primarily fibres and fragments < 2 mm in size. Both low-and high-density plastics were identified using Raman spectroscopy. We provide a baseline for future monitoring and discuss potential sources of microplastics in terms of how and where to implement preventative measures to reduce the contaminant influx. Although the impacts of microplastics contamination on ecosystem health and functioning is uncertain, understanding, monitoring and preventing further microplastics contamination in Lake Ontario and the other Great Lakes is crucial . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Ballent, Anika Manuscript page 1Sources and sinks of microplastics in Canadian Lake Ontario nearshore, tributary and beach sediments. AbstractMicroplastics contamination of Lake Ontario sediments is investigated with the aim of identifying distribution patterns and hotspots in nearshore, tributary and beach depositional environments. Microplastics are concentrated in nearshore sediments in the vicinity of urban and industrial regions. In Humber Bay and Toronto Harbour microplastic concentrations were consistently >500 particles per kg dry sediment. Maximum concentrations of ~28,000 particles per kg dry sediment were determined in Etobicoke Creek. The microplastic particles were primarily fibres and fragments < 2 mm in size. Both low-and high-density plastics were identified using Raman spectroscopy. We provide a baseline for future monitoring and discuss potential sources of microplastics in terms of how and where to implement preventative measures to reduce the contaminant influx. Although the impacts of microplastics contamination on ecosystem health and functioning is uncertain, understanding, monitoring and preventing further microplastics contamination in Lake Ontario and the other Great Lakes is crucial.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and sinks of microplastics in Canadian Lake Ontario nearshore, tributary and beach sediments

Ballent

Corcoran

Madden

et al. 2016

Marine Pollution Bulletin

569

230

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“…Only one working group has used a highly dense media (1.4 kg/L; Cooper and Corcoran 2010;Corcoran et al 2009) to separate plastic particles in the range of L-MPP from sediments of Hawaiian beaches. Although this method represents an important step toward a reliable quantification of plastic debris in aquatic sediments, it is still likely to miss materials that are subject to density alteration due to weathering and biodegradation (Moret-Ferguson et al 2010;Ye and Andrady 1991) or highly dense materials such as PVC (1.40 kg/L) or POM (1.43 kg/L), which are also reported to have a toxicological impact (Lithner et al 2009). Particularly for micro-debris, which has increased in numbers in marine environments in the last decades (Barnes et al 2009;, it is indispensable to apply sophisticated separation methods (HidalgoRuz et al 2012).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Those harmful consequences of plastic debris for aquatic organisms have been already shown (Gregory 2009). Next to mechanical impairments of swallowed plastics mistaken as food (e.g., Sheavly and Register 2007;Derraik 2002;Laist 1997), many plastic associated chemicals are proven to be carcinogenic, endocrine-disrupting, or acutely toxic (Lithner et al 2009;Oehlmann et al 2009;Talsness et al 2009). Additionally, plastic particles can adsorb and transport persistent organic "pollutants" such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE, Hirai et al 2011;Teuten et al 2009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel, highly efficient method for the separation and quantification of plastic particles in sediments of aquatic environments

Imhof

Schmid

Nießner

et al. 2012

Limnology & Ocean Methods

565

349

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Although plastic debris is constantly accumulating in aquatic environments, the impact on aquatic ecosystems is not yet fully understood. A first important step to assess the consequences of plastic debris in aquatic ecosystems is the establishment of a reliable, verified, and standardized method to quantify the amount of plastic particles in the environment. We improved the density separation approach by the construction of the so called Munich Plastic Sediment Separator (MPSS). It enables a reliable separation of different ecologically relevant size classes of plastic particles from sediment samples. A ZnCl 2 -solution (1.6-1.7 kg/L) as separation fluid allows for an extraction of plastic particles ranging from large fragments to small microplastic particles (S-MPP, <1 mm). Subsequent identification and quantification of the particles with spatial resolution down to 1 µm can be performed using Raman microspectroscopy. Our study is the first providing validated recovery rates of 100% for large microplastic particles (L-MPP, 1-5 mm) and 95.5% for S-MPP. The recovery rate for S-MPP, using the MPSS, was significantly higher than the value obtained by application of classical density separation setup (39.8%). Moreover, our recovery rates were significantly higher than those based on froth flotation (55.0% for L-MPP) commonly used in recycling industries. Hence, our improved method can be used for a reliable and time-efficient separation, identification and quantification of plastic fragments down to S-MPP. This will help foster studies quantifying the increasing contamination of aquatic environments with microplastic particles, which is a crucial prerequisite for future risk assessment and management strategies.

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“…DEHP and DMP are the most frequently used plasticizer in PVC formulas in consumer products (Metcalf et al 1973;Carnevali et al 2010). In general phthalate esters harmful environmental and human health effects are well documented and a range of studies documented harmful effects on both land and aquatic organisms (Metcalf et al 1973;Lithner, et al 2009). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of phthalates on Nereis diversicolor

Alnemari

Hardege

2016

Preprint

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Animals are exposed, in the natural environment, to a range of human activity related dissolved chemicals that are potentially impacting on their fitness. The animals responses to such stress determines its fitness, physiology and in case of chemical signals also its behaviour. If physical or chemical changes in the ecosystem make the detection of such a chemical impossible, then it can be reasonably assumed that vital behaviours of the animal will be significantly altered.Plastics are lighter, more durable, stronger and cheaper than other materials used for the same purposes, making them most suitable for producing a very broad range of goods and products. However, these same properties also make them serious environmental hazards i.e. they are easily carried and dispersed by water over long distances, and stopped by barriers and settle in the form of sediments that can persist for centuries. Phthalate esters are widely used as additives to offer flexibility to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins (Graham, 1973). DEHP and DMP are the most frequently used plasticizer in PVC formulas in consumer products (Metcalf et al. 1973;Carnevali et al. 2010). In general phthalate esters harmful environmental and human health effects are well documented and a range of studies documented harmful effects on both land and aquatic organisms (Metcalf et al. 1973;Lithner, et al. 2009).Neanthes (Nereis, Hediste) diversicolor is a bio-indicator species to monitor levels of pollution in a particular environment i.e. to by quantify levels of contaminant presents in the worms. Measuring these in N. diversicolor makes it possible to estimate and monitor levels of contamination in marine environments. The worms are easy to keep in laboratory conditions and can be collected in large numbers in the field and used as model species since the 1950s (Scaps, 2002).The main aim of this study is to investigate and determine the fate of phthalates in a Nereis culture system and to assess the impact of phthalates upon fitness such as feeding behaviours. For this worms are exposed to different concentration of DEHP and DMP (0.05, 2, and 10 ug/mL) over short term (days) and long term (3months / lifespan).The aim of short term of exposure was to determine the fate of phthalates in a Nereis culture system to examine if phthalate degradation takes place. GC-MS is used to measure the phthalates. Liquid: liquid extraction was used to extract phthalates from water and worm tissue whereas accelerated solvent extraction was used to extract phthalates from sediment. The aim of long term of exposure was to investigate and assess the impact of phthalates on animals' functional traits (feeding response).PeerJ PrePrints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1776v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access |

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Leachates from plastic consumer products – Screening for toxicity with Daphnia magna

Cited by 264 publications

References 14 publications

Sources and sinks of microplastics in Canadian Lake Ontario nearshore, tributary and beach sediments

Sources and sinks of microplastics in Canadian Lake Ontario nearshore, tributary and beach sediments

A novel, highly efficient method for the separation and quantification of plastic particles in sediments of aquatic environments

The effects of phthalates on Nereis diversicolor

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