Leaching of marine manganese nodules by acidophilic bacteria growing on elemental sulfur

Konishi, Yasuhiro; Asai, Satoru; Sawada, Yuichi

doi:10.1007/s11663-997-0123-2

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Sulfurous acid (Kono et al, 1988;Kawahara and Mitsuo, 1992), ammoniacal alkaline solution (Rokukawa, 1992), ammonia-carbon dioxide solution (Jana and Akerkar, 1989), acidic chloride sulfide mixture (Jana, 1993), and ammoniacal solutions containing ammonium sulfite and ammonium thiosulfate as reductants have invariably been used as leachants for the nodule. Bioleaching of marine manganese nodules by acidophilic sulfur oxidizing bacteria has also been reported (Konishi et al, 1997). The reduction leaching of the nodule with sodium sulfite in ammonium chloride (Choi and Sohn, 1995) has been attempted.…”

Section: Methods Used For Dissolution or Leaching Of The Nodulementioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Copper, Nickel and Cobalt from Indian Ocean Polymetallic Nodules

Agarwal¹,

Goodrich

2003

Can J Chem Eng

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303I n recent years, there has been considerable interest in the potential use of deep-sea manganese nodules for the recovery of copper, nickel, cobalt and manganese, by those countries which have no domestic production of these metals. To meet their industrial and military requirements, these countries depend entirely on foreign nations for the supply of these metals and thus are vulnerable to supply disruptions. Some countries, which have partial production of these metals, meet their needs by importing them. Nickel and cobalt are critical components in alloy steel used for jet engine parts, high strength tools, heat and corrosion resistant alloys, magnets, catalysts, drying additives in paints and other chemicals. Cobalt metal is generally used either as a powder, solid metal, or one of its salts. In recognition of the strategic importance of these metals, research has been directed for their extraction from deep-sea manganese nodules as a major source. In spite of the development of suitable technologies in the United States and Japan for the recovery of these metals, it has been observed (Jordan, 1988) that research on these resources should be limited to approaches that promise to cut the total processing costs by at least 50%. The economics of recovery are not favourable as it is $17/lb and the rate of return of investment is only 4% to 6%. However, at least a 30% rate of return on investment is required to attract the necessary venture capital for sea nodule production.In present work, an effective chemical process has been developed for the extraction of copper, nickel, cobalt and recovery of manganese as manganese carbonate. Manganese nodules from the Indian Ocean basin are abundant in water depths of around 2000 to 5000 meters. They are rough surfaced, contain todorokite as the dominant mineral phase, have a thicker oxide layer and are rich in Mn/Fe and Cu/Ni ratio. They range from 0.625 to 7.25 cm in size and are composed of MnO 2 and Fe 2 O 3 or hydroxides (40% to 70%) as the main component associated with relatively minor amounts (0.1% to 1.0 %) of copper, nickel and cobalt. The mineralogy is basically fine-grained oxides mixed with layers of silicious gangue minerals (Parekh et al., 1988). Haynes et al. (1983) gave comprehensive flow sheets for the processing of the nodules in 1983. Five of the most promising techniques for metal extraction are: gas reduction and ammoniacal leach, cuprion ammoniacal leach, high-temperature and high pressure H 2 SO 4 leach, reduction and HCl leach and smelting and H 2 SO 4 leach. On reviewing the details of these methods, it is evident that the cuprion ammoniacal leach process is not appropriate for cobalt extraction, and the other four methods are complex, expensive and hazardous to the environment. Mn-nodules contain up to 30% water even when drying in air (Mizola et al., 1989). Thus hydrometallurgical processes will be superior and economical to the pyrometallurgical ones due to saving of energy. Some of the extractive metallurgical details have been described in...

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Section: Methods Used For Dissolution or Leaching Of The Nodulementioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Copper, Nickel and Cobalt from Indian Ocean Polymetallic Nodules

Agarwal¹,

Goodrich

2003

Can J Chem Eng

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“…ferrooxidans or At. thiooxidans (mesophiles, 30 °C) or Acidianus brierleyi (thermophiles, 65 °C) [338]. Many tests aimed at optimising process parameters for metals extraction were included in that study, with a final test conducted under optimised conditions.…”

Section: Leaching With Acidophilic Autotrophs/inorganic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The consumption of elemental sulfur was an unavoidable cost in the process. To mitigate the cost of sulfur, Konishi et al [338] proposed that sulfate could be reduced to hydrogen sulfide using SRB and then, using photosynthetic bacteria, the hydrogen sulfide could be oxidised to elemental sulfur for recycle to the process. Zafiratos et al [190] developed a stirred-tank process for which the techno-economic assessment was favourable.…”

Section: Leaching With Acidophilic Autotrophs/inorganic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Biohydrometallurgical Metals Extraction from Polymetallic Mineral Resources

Watling

2014

Minerals

140

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This review has as its underlying premise the need to become proficient in delivering a suite of element or metal products from polymetallic ores to avoid the predicted exhaustion of key metals in demand in technological societies. Many technologies, proven or still to be developed, will assist in meeting the demands of the next generation for trace and rare metals, potentially including the broader application of biohydrometallurgy for the extraction of multiple metals from low-grade and complex ores. Developed biotechnologies that could be applied are briefly reviewed and some of the difficulties to be overcome highlighted. Examples of the bioleaching of polymetallic mineral resources using different combinations of those technologies are described for polymetallic sulfide concentrates, low-grade sulfide and oxidised ores. Three areas for further research are: (i) the development of sophisticated continuous vat bioreactors with additional controls; (ii) in situ and in stope bioleaching and the need to solve problems associated with microbial activity in that scenario; and (iii) the exploitation of sulfur-oxidising microorganisms that, under specific anaerobic leaching conditions, reduce and solubilise refractory iron(III) or manganese(IV) compounds containing multiple elements. Finally, with the successful applications of stirred tank bioleaching to a polymetallic tailings dump and heap bioleaching to a polymetallic black schist ore, there is no reason why those proven technologies should not be more widely applied.

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“…Therefore, in recent years, hydrometallurgical recovery of Mn from low-grade manganese ore is an encouraging technology because it meets the clean production and lowcarbon economy requirements. Nowadays, various reducing agents are proving to effectively extract manganese from lowgrade manganese ore, including leaching with sulfur dioxide (Petrie, 1995;Naik et al, 2000;Naik et al, 2002;Naik et al, 2003;Zheng et al, 2007), pyrite (Kanungo, 1999;Vračar and Cerović, 2000), hydrogen peroxide (El Hazek et al, 2006;Nayl et al, 2011), ferrous ion (Zhang et al, 2015a), oxalic acid (Sahoo et al, 2001), organic reductants (Trifoni et al, 2000;Hariprasad et al, 2007;Kursunoglu and Kaya, 2013;Yi et al, 2015) and bio-reductions (Konishi et al, 1997;Acharya et al, 2003). Among these reduction processes, Mn reduction leaching by SO 2 has proven to be promising because of the advantages of rapid leaching rate (Grimanelis et al, 1992;Zhang and Cheng, 2007b), high leaching efficiency (Naik et al, 2000), and selectivity of Mn leaching (Khalafalla and Pahlman, 1981;Naik et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on Separation of Manganese from Iron in High-Iron Pyrolusite Ore by Leaching with Simulated Flue Gas

Deng

et al. 2017

J. Chem. Eng. Japan / JCEJ

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Due to the depletion of high-grade manganese ore, much attention has turned to recover manganese from low-grade ores; however, these are usually associated with high-iron content. Moreover, the conventional process of extracting Mn from iron-rich low grade manganese oxide ore focused on recovery of Mn, while ignoring the leaching characteristics of Fe. Hence, simultaneous investigations on leaching behavior and separation e ciency of both manganese and iron were carried out for attaining high recovery of manganese with low iron content from the high-iron low-grade pyrolusite ore using simulated ue gas as the reductant. The e ects of leaching parameters, ue gas components and initial particle size on the leaching e ciency of Mn and Fe were studied, and the results indicated that higher separation e ciency of Mn from iron was achieved at lower SO 2 concentration, O 2 concentration and suitable pulp density. The experimental validation revealed that 93.12% Mn and only 2.57% Fe were extracted under the optimal operating conditions: SO 2 percentage of 5%, O 2 percentage of 1%, reaction temperature of 35°C, solid-to-liquid ratio of 250 g/L, and more than 120 min. Kinetic modelling has indicated that the Mn leaching rate is controlled by the rate of di usion of SO 2 /O 2 from the gas phase to the liquid phase, and the rate of di usion of product or reactants to the ore surface through an inert product layer is the rate-limiting step for Fe dissolution.

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Leaching of marine manganese nodules by acidophilic bacteria growing on elemental sulfur

Cited by 21 publications

References 13 publications

Extraction of Copper, Nickel and Cobalt from Indian Ocean Polymetallic Nodules

Extraction of Copper, Nickel and Cobalt from Indian Ocean Polymetallic Nodules

Review of Biohydrometallurgical Metals Extraction from Polymetallic Mineral Resources

Study on Separation of Manganese from Iron in High-Iron Pyrolusite Ore by Leaching with Simulated Flue Gas

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