Leaching of organic matters and formation of disinfection by-product as a result of presence of microplastics in natural freshwaters

Koh, Kok Yuen; Chen, Zhihao; Lin, Shihan; Mohan, Kishan Chandra; Luo, Xiaohong; Chen, J Paul

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134300

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Combined SEM and FTIR analyses revealed that the oxidation process during photoaging and the creation of surface holes might be driving the release of more organic matter from the plastic. Our experimental results were consistent with previous findings that MPs could elute TOC under UV irradiation [54], and that the quality of organics eluted from different types of MPs varied considerably, e.g., the TOC eluted from PS and PVC was higher than that of PE and lower than that of PLA [55]. The eluted TOC might be derived from two sources: the degradation of plastic polymers and the release of additives.…”

Section: Characterization Of Mp Eluate After Agingsupporting

confidence: 91%

Comparing the Aging Processes of PLA and PE: The Impact of UV Irradiation and Water

Wang,

Chen,

Jia

et al. 2024

Processes

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The aging processes of microplastics (MPs) are prevalent in natural environments. Understanding the aging mechanisms of MPs is crucial for assessing their environmental behavior and potential risks. In this study, we selected polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene (PE) as representatives of biodegradable and conventional plastics, respectively, to examine changes in their physicochemical properties induced by water and UV light exposure. Laboratory aging resulted in significant fragmentation, characterized by cracks and pores on the surfaces, for both types of MPs, with PLA MPs exhibiting more severe changes, particularly under combined UV and water exposure. Notably, PLA MPs tended to become progressively smaller after aging, whereas PE MPs did not show significant size changes. Chemical analyses of aged MPs using micro-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed a substantial increase in the carbonyl index (CI) and oxygen content for PE, suggesting surface oxidation during photo-oxidation. Conversely, PLA MPs displayed a CI decrease, along with an oxygen content increase, indicating the breakdown of ester linkages in PLA and the formation of other oxidation products. Furthermore, we developed and optimized pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py–GC–MS) methods to identify potential chemical degradation products of PE and PLA, considering their differing thermal stabilities. We observed a distinct trend regarding the peaks in the chromatogram of aged MPs and identified the typical oxidation and crosslinking products for PLA. Additionally, after the aging process, both PE and PLA exhibited a significant increase in organic carbon content, with the eluate containing submicron/nano-sized particles. This study provides a scientific foundation for a deeper understanding of the environmental aging mechanisms of various MPs, particularly in regards to the effects of UV irradiation and water exposure.

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Section: Characterization Of Mp Eluate After Agingsupporting

confidence: 91%

Comparing the Aging Processes of PLA and PE: The Impact of UV Irradiation and Water

Wang,

Chen,

Jia

et al. 2024

Processes

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“…Chlorine and chloramine demand associated with cryomilled PVC particles was quantified in order to identify an appropriate initial dose that would result in a measurable residual to allow CT values to be calculated (Table S1). Increased demand was observed for chlorine vs chloramine at pH 6, which may be attributed to PVC-derived dissolved organic compounds (DOM), as reported by others. ,− In addition, chlorine may cause oxidation of particle surfaces, allowing more DOM to be released, and in turn further increase demand . The highest chlorine and chloramine demand was observed at pH 6 after 24 h (2.5 mg/L chlorine, 0.3 mg/L chloramine), followed by pH 7 (2.3 mg/L chlorine, 0.2 mg/L chloramine) and pH 8 (1.9 mg/L chlorine, 0.2 mg/L chloramine).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 64%

“…2,24−26 In addition, chlorine may cause oxidation of particle surfaces, 27 allowing more DOM to be released, and in turn further increase demand. 28 The highest chlorine and chloramine demand was observed at pH 6 after 24 h (2.5 mg/L chlorine, 0.3 mg/L chloramine), followed by pH 7 (2.3 mg/L chlorine, 0.2 mg/L chloramine) and pH 8 (1.9 mg/L chlorine, 0.2 mg/L chloramine). Based on these results, an initial dose of 4 mg/L was selected for both chlorine and chloramine when considering subsequent trials, which assessed their impact on DBT leaching.…”

Section: ■ Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 92%

Leaching of Dibutyltin from Virgin Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe Material

Chen

Peng

et al. 2023

ACS EST Water

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This study examined the leaching of dibutyltin (DBT) from PVC particles derived from three different types of PVC pipes. Leaching of DBT into artificial freshwater was investigated at pH 6, 7, and 8, using both small (45–125 μm) and large (300–500 μm) particles alone, as well as in the presence of chlorine or chloramine to represent typical secondary disinfectants used in drinking water. Aqueous DBT concentration varied among the three pipes, suggesting that specific PVC formulations may be more amenable to leaching than others. An increase in pH from 6 to 8 was associated with higher DBT concentrations (by up to 100%), and a greater impact was observed for smaller sized particles. The presence of chlorine increased residual DBT by up to 25%, whereas chloramine exhibited a negligible impact. As treated drinking water commonly has a pH of 7–8 and PVC pipe is increasingly being employed for distribution, these findings highlight the need to assess the leaching of DBT under representative conditions.

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“…This result is supported by chemical information, as benzene and toluene are volatile and toxic [72], and the toxicity of Ag is widely known, as previously discussed in this manuscript [74]. In addition, the degradation of plastics in aqueous media can generate oxidant substances and reactive oxygen species [82,83] as well as the degradation of some associated organic compounds, such as parabens [84]. Our results suggest that the degradation of glitter (and likely other plastic particles) may generate toxic by-products, and this process needs to be further investigated and understood.…”

Section: Treatmentsupporting

confidence: 78%

A Glow Before Darkness: Toxicity of Glitter Particles to Marine Invertebrates

Abessa,

Albanit,

Moura

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Glitter particles are considered a model of microplastics, which are used in a wide range of products. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of green and white glitter dispersions on the embryonic development of the sea urchins Echinometra lucunte, Arbacia lixula, and the mussel Perna perna. The Toxicity Identification and Evaluation (TIE) approach was used to identify possible chemicals related to toxicity. Glitter dispersions were prepared using 0.05% ethanol. The tested dispersions ranged from 50 to 500 mg/L. The white glitter was composed of a vinyl chloride-methyl acrylate copolymer. The effective concentrations of green glitter to 50% embryos (EC50) were 246.1 (235.8 – 256.4) mg/L to A. lixula, 23.0 (20.2 - 25.8) mg/L to P. perna and 105.9 (61.2 - 150.2) mg/L, whereas the EC50 of white glitter to E. lucunter was 272.2 (261.5 – 282.9) mg/L. The EC50 for P. perna could not be calculated; however, the lowest effect concentration was 10 mg/L. The filtered suspension of green glitter had Ag levels exceeding the legal standards for marine waters. TIE showed that metals, volatiles, and oxidant compounds contribute to toxicity. The results showed that glitter may adversely affect marine organisms; however further studies are necessary to determine its environmental risks.

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Leaching of organic matters and formation of disinfection by-product as a result of presence of microplastics in natural freshwaters

Cited by 15 publications

References 52 publications

Comparing the Aging Processes of PLA and PE: The Impact of UV Irradiation and Water

Comparing the Aging Processes of PLA and PE: The Impact of UV Irradiation and Water

Leaching of Dibutyltin from Virgin Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe Material

A Glow Before Darkness: Toxicity of Glitter Particles to Marine Invertebrates

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