Leaching of PCE-based Superplasticiser from Microfine Cement: a Chemical and Ecotoxicological Point of View

Märkl, Veronika; Pflugmacher, Stephan; Stephan, Dietmar

doi:10.1007/s11270-017-3373-x

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…However, contamination with sodium, sulfates, aluminum, and some heavy metals could be proven while using contaminated concrete blocks. As part of the selection of the processes suitable for the ecotoxicological assessment of building materials [ 13 ], the DSLT was carried out on 37 representative building products that contained mobilizable organic substances. The point of criticism of the DSLT was that some substances could no longer be identified due to their biodegradability over the duration of the DSLT of 64 d. This argument is also put forward by Bandow et al [ 1 ] because the conversion of organic substances cannot be excluded, especially under real conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have investigated the release behavior of inorganic ions such as Na + , Al 3+ , Ca 2+ , Si 4+ , and Cu 2+ and organic substances (e.g., superplasticizers) from concrete materials and construction waste [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. However, only a few are taking the results of an ecotoxicological analysis into account [ 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Testing of Eluates from Waterproof Building Materials for Potential Environmental Effects Due to the Behavior of Enchytraeus albidus

2021

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In order to determine the potential environmental impact of construction products, it is necessary to evaluate their influence on organisms exposed to them or their eluates under environmental conditions. The behavior of the white worm Enchytraeus albidus is a useful tool for assessing the potential environmental impact of construction products in contact with water and soil. This study investigates the environmental effects of eluates from two construction products, a reactive waterproofing product, and an injection resin, on the reproduction and avoidance behavior of E. albidus. The eluates were prepared according to existing guidelines. The soil used for the tests was moistened with the eluates of the construction products. The reproduction results of the worms were collected after six weeks of exposure. Offsprings were counted under the microscope and statistically analyzed. Results from the avoidance behavior were collected after 48 h of exposure, and results were compared with the reproduction results. The eluates from both construction products induced significant changes in the reproduction behavior of E. albidus. Undiluted or only slightly diluted eluates of the injection resin drastically reduced the reproduction of the worms, whereas the leaches of the reactive waterproofing product only had a minor effect. The avoidance results for the injection resin indicates that its presence in the habitat is clearly detrimental to the survival of E. albidus, while the avoidance results for the waterproofing resin showed an initial avoidance of the eluates, but no harmful effects were observed. The avoidance test is a way of rapid toxicity screening of environmental samples when time is a critical parameter to measure possible environmental effects. This study shows that ecotoxicological tests using Enchytraeids are a valuable and important tool for understanding the mode of action of eluates from construction products in the environment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing of Eluates from Waterproof Building Materials for Potential Environmental Effects Due to the Behavior of Enchytraeus albidus

2021

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“…In a few studies, the ecotoxic effects of eluates from construction products and the occurrence of-mainly organic-substances in these samples were investigated in combined approaches to identify hazardous substances that are released from construction products and cause ecotoxic effects [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]. The combination of the harmonized leaching tests and the ecotoxicological test battery as included in CEN/TR 17105 [6] was applied on several types of construction products [29][30][31], on biocide release from renders [32], on reactive fire-retardant coatings [33], and on roof membranes [34].…”

Section: Combination Of Leaching and Ecotoxicity Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Release of substances from joint grouts based on various binder types and their ecotoxic effects

et al. 2022

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Background The leaching of substances and the ecotoxic effects of eluates were studied for joint grouts that are based on various types of binders. Eight products, two of them containing either epoxy resin, polybutadiene or polyurethane binders, or modified cement, were investigated using harmonized leaching tests for construction products in combination with ecotoxicity tests on algae, daphnia, luminescent bacteria, fish eggs and mutagenicity in accordance with CEN/TR 17105. In addition to basic parameters, such as pH, TOC, and inorganic components, organic substances in the eluates were analysed by gas and liquid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry. Quantitative analyses in combination with ecotoxicity data on selected substances were used to deduce which substances cause the observed ecotoxic effects. Results Different patterns of ecotoxic effects were observed in joint grouts with different binder types. The most ecotoxic effects were observed in epoxy resin-based products, followed by polybutadiene-based products. Fewer ecotoxic effects were observed in polyurethane-based products and modified cements. Some of these showed no ecotoxicity. Some of the substances in the eluates were identified and related to ecotoxic effects. 4-Tert-butylphenol and amines probably contributed to the ecotoxic effects of at least one of the epoxy resin-based renders, whereas cobalt is assumed to contribute to the toxic effect on algae of one of the polybutadiene-based products. However, only some of the leached substances could be identified, and only some of the ecotoxic effects can be explained by the available information on the composition of eluates and known ecotoxic profiles of the identified substances. Conclusions Ecotoxicity tests on eluates from leaching tests indicate whether environmentally hazardous substances can be leached from construction products. Combined ecotoxicity tests and chemical analysis of eluates from EU-wide harmonized leaching tests for construction products can provide information on substances that cause these effects. This supports the identification and development of environmentally friendly construction products. This study confirmed that ecotoxicity tests in accordance with CEN/TR 17105 are a tool well-suited to support the implementation of the European Commission’s zero pollution vision for 2050 and to reduce pollution to levels no longer considered harmful to health and natural ecosystems.

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“…Until now, only a few studies using these two tests have been published: Nebel and Spanka [ 25 ] showed the robustness of the DSLT for release from concrete. Hartwich and Vollpracht [ 26 ] applied the DSLT to determine the leaching behavior of concrete, and Märkl et al [ 27 ] investigated the release of super-plasticizers from cement.…”

Section: Regulatory Context and Leaching Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the impact of construction products on the environment by leaching of possibly hazardous substances

et al. 2018

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Construction products are in contact with water (e.g., rain, seepage water) during their service lifetime and may release potentially harmful compounds by leaching processes. Monitoring studies showed that compounds attributed to construction products are found in storm water and the receiving bodies of water and that the release of biocides in urban areas can be comparable to the input of pesticides from agricultural uses. Therefore, a prospective risk assessment of such products is necessary. Laboratory leaching tests have been developed by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 351 and are ready to use. One major task in the future will be the evaluation of the leaching test results, as concentrations found in laboratory experiments are not directly comparable to the field situations. Another task will be the selection of compounds to be considered for construction products, which are often a complex mixture and contain additives, pigments, stabilization agents, etc. The formulations of the products may serve as a starting point, but total content is a poor predictor for leachability, and analysis of the eluates is necessary. In some cases, non-targeted approaches might be required to identify compounds in the eluates. In the identification process, plausibility checks referring to available information should be included. Ecotoxicological tests are a complementary method to test eluates, and the combined effects of all compounds—including degradation products—are included. A bio test battery has been applied in a round robin test and was published in a guidance document. Published studies on the ecotoxicity of construction products show the tests’ suitability to distinguish between products with small and larger effects on the environment.

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Leaching of PCE-based Superplasticiser from Microfine Cement: a Chemical and Ecotoxicological Point of View

Cited by 11 publications

References 20 publications

Testing of Eluates from Waterproof Building Materials for Potential Environmental Effects Due to the Behavior of Enchytraeus albidus

Testing of Eluates from Waterproof Building Materials for Potential Environmental Effects Due to the Behavior of Enchytraeus albidus

Release of substances from joint grouts based on various binder types and their ecotoxic effects

Evaluation of the impact of construction products on the environment by leaching of possibly hazardous substances

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