Leaching of waste battery paste components. Part 1: Lead citrate synthesis from PbO and PbO2

Sonmez, M. Seref; Kumar, R. Vasant

doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.04.012

Cited by 126 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The crystalline nature can be clearly seen and is also confirmed by x-ray diffraction data as shown in figure 5 and compares well with the literature data for lead citrate (A and B) [9]. PbO 2 is a very difficult compound to dissolve in aqueous media without the help of a reducing agent such as H 2 figure 5) and in the SEM morphology (as in figure 6) to that to heating for combusting and removing the organics embodied in the crystals. A typical data for heating the precursor from PbO starting material is shown in figure 8.…”

Section: Leaching-crystallizationsupporting

confidence: 88%

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Relevance of Reaction of Lead Compounds with Carboxylic acid in Lead Recovery from Secondary Sources

Sonmez¹

2013

J Powder Metall Min 2013

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Section: Leaching-crystallizationsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…The chemical reaction can be represented as: 2 O, where the values of m and n were deduced experimentally to be 2 and 3 respectively using thermal analysis and described in the next section. Thus the reaction can be described as follows:…”

Section: Leaching-crystallizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relevance of Reaction of Lead Compounds with Carboxylic acid in Lead Recovery from Secondary Sources

Sonmez¹

2013

J Powder Metall Min 2013

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“…As Pb-acid batteries have been used worldwide in vehicles for decades, the raw materials are now mainly attained by recovering from waste Pbacid batteries via the desulfurization process of lead sulphate (PbSO 4 ) 3,4 and the redox reaction of Pb and lead dioxide (PbO 2 ) 5,6 . The pyrometallurgical processes employ coke or carbon monoxide to reduce lead compounds at high temperature (about 1,000°C) to gain the crude Pb with the release of CO 2 gas 7 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A green lead hydrometallurgical process based on a hydrogen-lead oxide fuel cell

Pan

Sun

et al. 2013

Nat Commun

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The automobile industry consumed 9 million metric tons of lead in 2012 for lead-acid batteries. Recycling lead from spent lead-acid batteries is not only related to the sustainable development of the lead industry, but also to the reduction of lead pollution in the environment. The existing lead pyrometallurgical processes have two main issues, toxic lead emission into the environment and high energy consumption; the developing hydrometallurgical processes have the disadvantages of high electricity consumption, use of toxic chemicals and severe corrosion of metallic components. Here we demonstrate a new green hydrometallurgical process to recover lead based on a hydrogen-lead oxide fuel cell. Highpurity lead, along with electricity, is produced with only water as the by-product. It has a 499.5% lead yield, which is higher than that of the existing pyrometallurgical processes (95-97%). This greatly reduces lead pollution to the environment.

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“…Recently, investigators focused on single hydro-metallurgical methods to recover lead from spent lead paste, especially concentrating on the desulfurization of PbSO 4 using reagents such as Na 2 CO 3 , NaCl, and NaOH [7][8][9]. Kumar et al [10][11][12][13] had developed a novel paste for the recycling method. In this process, the spent Minerals 2017, 7, 93 2 of 10 lead paste was treated with citric acid and sodium citrate in aqueous solutions to generate a lead citrate precursor via leaching and crystallization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PbSO4 Leaching in Citric Acid/Sodium Citrate Solution and Subsequent Yielding Lead Citrate via Controlled Crystallization

Cong

et al. 2017

Minerals

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Lead citrate is a key precursor for the green recycling of spent lead acid battery paste in a citric acid/sodium citrate (CA/SC) solution. In this study, the main paste component, PbSO 4 , was leached and crystallized to yield lead citrate. Results showed that the leaching of PbSO 4 in citric acid/sodium citrate solution was remarkably enhanced by an increase in temperature from 35 • C to 95 • C and an increase in sodium citrate (SC) concentration from 50 to 650 g/L. In comparison, increasing the citric acid/sodium citrate molar ratio inhibited this leaching. Controlled crystallization through cooling the solution or adjusting the pH of the solution can effectively produce lead citrate crystals. The X-ray diffraction patterns of four products obtained in a comparison test were all consistent with Pb 3 (C 6 H 5 O 7 ) 2 . However, the scanning electron microscopy analysis suggested that the morphology was distinct from rods to sheets, which were mainly affected by the temperature variation.

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Leaching of waste battery paste components. Part 1: Lead citrate synthesis from PbO and PbO2

Cited by 126 publications

References 11 publications

Relevance of Reaction of Lead Compounds with Carboxylic acid in Lead Recovery from Secondary Sources

Relevance of Reaction of Lead Compounds with Carboxylic acid in Lead Recovery from Secondary Sources

A green lead hydrometallurgical process based on a hydrogen-lead oxide fuel cell

PbSO4 Leaching in Citric Acid/Sodium Citrate Solution and Subsequent Yielding Lead Citrate via Controlled Crystallization

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