Lead

Skerfving, Staffan; Bergdahl, Ingvar A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-59453-2.00043-3

Cited by 32 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 623 publications

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“…Lead (Pb) is one of the major environmental and nondegradable pollutants, and overexposure to it results in several physiological and biochemical changes associated with liver and renal dysfunction [ 1 ]. Pb exposure causes renal toxicity and hepatotoxicity through its ability to induce oxidative stress, resulting in an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the potency of antioxidant defense enzymes [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycine Betaine Relieves Lead-Induced Hepatic and Renal Toxicity in Albino Rats

Abdelrazek

Salama

Alharthi

et al. 2022

Toxics

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Lead (Pb) is a widespread and nondegradable environmental pollutant and affects several organs through oxidative mechanisms. This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant protective effect of glycine betaine (GB) against Pb-induced renal and hepatic injury. Male albino rats (n = 45) were divided into three groups: G1 untreated control, G2 Pb-acetate (50 mg/kg/day), and G3 Pb-acetate (50 mg/kg/day) plus GB (250 mg/kg/day) administered for 6 weeks. For G3, Pb-acetate was administered first and followed by GB at least 4 h after. Pb-acetate treatment (G2) resulted in a significant decrease in renal function, including elevated creatinine and urea levels by 17.4% and 23.7%, respectively, and nonsignificant changes in serum uric acid levels. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphates (ALP) activities were significantly increased with Pb treatment by 37.6%, 59.3%, and 55.1%, respectively. Lipid peroxidation level was significantly increased by 7.8 times after 6 weeks of Pb-acetate treatment. The level of reduced glutathione (GSH-R) significantly declined after Pb-acetate treatment. Pb-acetate treatment also reduced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) by 74.1%, 85.0%, and 40.8%, respectively. Treatment of Pb-intoxicated rats with GB resulted in a significant reduction in creatinine, urea, ALT, AST, and lipid peroxidation, as well as a significant increase in the level of GSH-R and in the activities of ALP, SOD, GST, and GSH-PX. The molecular interaction between GB and GSH-PX indicated that the activation of GSH-PX in Pb-intoxicated rats was not the result of GB binding to the catalytic site of GSH-PX. The affinity of GB to bind to the catalytic site of GSH-PX is lower than that of H2O2. Thus, GB significantly mitigates Pb-induced renal and liver injury through the activation of antioxidant enzymes and the prevention of Pb-induced oxidative damage in the kidney and liver.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycine Betaine Relieves Lead-Induced Hepatic and Renal Toxicity in Albino Rats

Abdelrazek

Salama

Alharthi

et al. 2022

Toxics

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“…Europe (Hruba et al, 2012) parts of the world the levels are still much higher (Hruba et al,408 2012; Skerfving and Bergdahl, 2014). 409…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Late effects of low blood lead concentrations in children on school performance and cognitive functions

et al. 2015

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“…Inorganic lead is the most extensively studied toxic agent and its history is closely linked to safety, toxicity and politics [ 60 ]. The annual world mine production of lead is about 4.5 million tons, with Asia and the USA being the most important producers; the world’s lead processing is significantly higher (about 12 million tons, including recycled lead) [ 61 ].…”

Section: Discussion Of Casementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Today, the predominant use (80%) of lead is in batteries, mainly for vehicles, but also for electricity back-up systems and industrial batteries. Furthermore, lead is used for rolled and extruded products (6%), as pigment (5%), and in ammunition (3%) [ 62 ], as cable sheathing, solders, alloys (brass and bronze), weights, crystal and as a stabilizer in polyvinyl chloride [ 60 ].…”

Section: Discussion Of Casementioning

confidence: 99%