Lead and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms: A meta-analysis

Subclinical immune reactions to viral infections may correlate with child and adolescent diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A preliminary study from Turkey

“…[7][8][9] Among mothers of clinical samples of Turkish children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD, presence of at least one prenatal risk factor is reported to vary between 20.5-39.3%. [10][11] In the same studies, the prevalence of post-natal problems were reported to be 8.1-15.5 %.…”

Poisoned Development: Assessing Childhood Lead Exposure as a Cause of Crime in a Birth Cohort Followed Through Adolescence

“…Once in the body, lead mimics calcium, impairing brain development and neurotransmitter systems in ways that disrupt executive functioning and mood regulation, which in turn reduces impulse control and the inhibition of aggressive behaviors (Cecil et al, 2008;Feigenbaum and Muller, 2016;Lidsky and Schneider, 2003;Needleman, 2004;Winter and Sampson, 2017). Through the same age-graded mechanisms, lead exposure is associated with reduced cognitive ability (Lanphear et al, 2005;Reuben et al, 2017) and increased attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Goodlad, Marcus, and Fulton, 2013), both of which are predictors of delinquent behavior in the criminological literature (Farrington, 1998;Moffitt, 1993). The damage of lead poisoning is not considered reversible, which is why pediatricians so strongly emphasize prevention (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 1991).…”

Childhood Lead Poisoning and Associated Health Impacts- A Brief Review

“…Additionally, the likelihood of ADHD, problems in brain functioning in children and also decrease in the volume of brain in the adulthood is reported. Lead exposure has been associated with the functions and impulse control, researchers have explored links in between blood lead concentrations and the behaviors which involve use of substance, criminal activity and other infections that [17]. In the year 2012, about 535,000 the age of 1 and 5 were found with high blood lead concentration.…”

“…[17] In the risky cases, it results in fits, coma or even death. In the early stages of this disease, the high levels of lead exposure in children causes stomach cramps and irritation but may turn into more severe symptoms such as clumsiness and vomiting.…”