Lead and lead alloy foams

Irretier, A.; Banhart, John

doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2005.07.007

Cited by 41 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…A very similar conclusion was derived from tests with lead powders which were foamed using lead carbonate as a blowing agent. [44,73,74] It was shown that powders with very low and very high oxide contents did not foam well, whereas intermediate oxide contents allowed for making stable foams. Especially at low oxide contents drainage was so pronounced that it caused the destruction of the foam already during its manufacture.…”

Section: Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Foams: Production and Stability

2006

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Liquid metal foam can be generated by creating gas inside a liquid or semi‐liquid metallic melt which has been pre‐treated in a suitable way. Such foams are self‐supporting disordered structures in complete analogy to aqueous foams. The stabilisation mechanism of metallic foams is still not fully understood. In order to facilitate discussion of foam stabilisation the various methods for making such foams are classified with respect to the mode of gas generation and the type of melt used for foaming. Metal foams can be produced by gas injection from an external source or by in‐situ nucleation of gas bubbles in the melt for which various possibilities are known. Melts amenable to foaming range from almost pure molten alloys to melts to which particles have been added, formed by in‐situ reactions or which have been already present in the solid precursor prior to melting. Some of the available experimental evidence for the action of stabilising particles in metallic foams is presented. It is found that although stabilisation seems to be based on the presence of a solid constituent in all the foaming processes, the mechanisms might vary. At present the nature of stabilisation is not yet fully understood and many questions remain open.

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Section: Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Foams: Production and Stability

2006

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“…The specific surface area of the electrode was three times higher (14 cm 2 /cm 3 ) than the book-mold grid battery electrode (4.6 cm 2 /cm 3 ) and the discharged current densities increased from 7.2 to 37.1 mA/cm 2 . Irretier et al [3] prepared closed cell lead foams using foaming powder compact process. Lead carbonate was used as a gas releasing blowing agent at 450°C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…A typical lead-acid car battery is as heavy as 14 kg; lead electrodes constitute about 21 % of total weight [1]. One way of reducing the weight of currently used lead-acid batteries is to replace the heavy lead electrodes with low density and high surface area porous lead electrodes [2][3][4]. Both, the increase in the electrode surface area and the reduction in the electrode weight, increase the utilization efficiency of the positive active material up to 50 %, which is much higher than the conventional grid electrode [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open cell lead foams: processing, microstructure, and mechanical properties

Savacı

Yilmaz²,

Güden

2012

J Mater Sci

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Open cell lead foams with the porosities between 48 and 74 % were prepared by means of powder metallurgical and casting routes, using ammonium bicarbonate particles, silica beads, and sodium chloride salt particles as space holder. The resulting foam samples structure closely resembled open cell foam structure: each cell had few interconnections with neighboring cells. Small-sized lead (II) fluoride precipitates were microscopically observed in the interior of cells in the foam samples prepared using silica beads as space holder, resulting from the reaction between silica and hydrofluoric acid in the space holder dissolution step. The compression stress-strain curve of foam samples prepared by powder metallurgical route showed brittle deformation behavior following the initial elastic deformation region, while the foam samples prepared by casting route showed characteristic foam deformation behavior: cell edge crushing on the bent cell walls, and cell wall tearing. The collapse stresses, densification strains, and elastic moduli of the prepared foams were further fitted with scaling relations.

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“…Existen varios estudios de caracterización del proceso de espumación realizados mediante el uso de avanzadas técnicas, tales como monitoreo de imáge-nes a diferentes tiempos de espumación [70] , tomografía de RX [71][72][73] , microtomografia de alta resolución [74][75][76] , por microgravedad [77][78][79][80][81] radioscopia de RX [82] , barrido de neutrones de ángulo pequeño [83][84][85] , XRD [86] , entre otros. Brunke y Odenbach, por su parte, realizaron experimentos encaminados a demostrar la influencia de las fuerzas de Lorentz y las fuerzas rotacionales en el comportamiento de las espumas líqui-das [87] .…”

Section: Parámetros Relacionados Con La Espumaciónunclassified

Procesos de fabricación de metales celulares. Parte II: Vía sólida, deposición de metales, otros procesos

Fernández¹,

Cruz²,

Coleto³

2009

Rev. metal.

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P Pr ro oc ce es so os s d de e f fa ab br ri ic ca ac ci ió ón n d de e m me et ta al le es s c ce el lu ul la ar re es s. . P Pa ar rt te e I II I: : V Ví ía a s só ól li id da a, , d de ep po os si ic ci ió ón n d de e m me et ta al le es s, , o ot tr ro os s p pr ro oc ce es so os s ( (• •) ) P. Fernández*, L.J. Cruz* y J. Coleto** R Re es su um me en n En la primera parte de esta revisión se realizó la descripción de los procesos empleados por vía líquida para la fabricación de metales celulares. En esta segunda parte, se describen los procesos correspondientes a la vía sólida y la deposición de metales. De igual manera, se revisan los diferentes métodos, en cada caso, haciendo una breve descripción de los principales parámetros involucrados y las ventajas y desventajas en cada uno de ellos. P Pa al la ab br ra as s c cl la av ve e Metales celulares; Espumas metálicas; Esponjas metálicas; Pulvimetalurgia; Deposición de metales.M Ma an nu uf fa ac ct tu ur ri in ng g p pr ro oc ce es ss se es s o of f c ce el ll lu ul la ar r m me et ta al ls s. . P Pa ar rt t I II I. . S So ol li id d r ro ou ut te e, , m me et ta al ls s d de ep po os si it ti io on n, , o ot th he er r p pr ro oc ce es ss se es s A Ab bs st tr ra ac ct t At the first part of this paper review a description about cellular metal processes by liquid route, was made. In this second part, solid processes and metals deposition are described. In similar way, the different kind of processes in each case are reviewed; making a short description about the main parameters involved and the advantages and drawbacks in each of them. Los procesos de producción de metales celulares (MC) por ruta sólida han avanzado últimamente, en lo que a innovación y optimización se refiere. Dentro de los métodos existentes para la fabricación de metales celulares, los procesos pulvimetalúrgicos se han ido posicionando como los de mayor investigación y evolución, aunque no son propiamente los más económi-cos a la hora de implementarse. Así mismo, los metales celulares obtenidos por la ruta de deposición gaseosa de metales han evolucionado sustancialmente a través de los años constituyéndose, actualmente, como la ruta preferida para conseguir esponjas metálicas para aplicaciones netamente funcionales. Además, se describen otras rutas menos exploradas pero que dan cuenta del interés generado por la producción de metales celulares a nivel mundial. El Fraunhofer-Institute for Manufacturing and Advance Materials (IFAM, Bremen, Alemania) desarrolló este método para la producción de espumas por PM, denominado Foaminal [1] . Ahora, son varias las empresas e institutos que producen espumas a través de este proceso: Mepura (Alulight) y Neuman Aluminium, son dos de ellas [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] . Cabe anotar que la espumación de la preforma obtenida se puede hacer en molde abierto o con formas complejas 3D, o bien formando estructuras tipo sándwich donde una piel metálica (acero o aluminio) o cerámica (alúmina) cubre un núcleo de espuma metálica de aluminio [1 y 10-13] . El alu...

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Lead and lead alloy foams

Cited by 41 publications

References 15 publications

Metal Foams: Production and Stability

Metal Foams: Production and Stability

Open cell lead foams: processing, microstructure, and mechanical properties

Procesos de fabricación de metales celulares. Parte II: Vía sólida, deposición de metales, otros procesos

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