Lead contamination analysis of perovskite modules under simulated working conditions

Challenges of lead leakage in perovskite solar cells

“…The ''sandwich'' encapsulant alleviated the damage of hail and acid rain on the device to a certain extent. Under the protection of the ''sandwich'' package, Pb leakage into the soil dropped to 3.4 ppm, 22 which is much lower than the value of 70 ppm predicted by Hailegnaw in 2016. 23 In addition to the traditional external encapsulation by polymer and glass cover, the Pb leakage can also be minimized by introducing internal encapsulations.…”

“…The “sandwich” encapsulant alleviated the damage of hail and acid rain on the device to a certain extent. Under the protection of the “sandwich” package, Pb leakage into the soil dropped to 3.4 ppm, 22 which is much lower than the value of 70 ppm predicted by Hailegnaw in 2016. 23…”

Lead Leaching of Perovskite Solar Cells in Aqueous Environments: A Quantitative Investigation

“…As a considerable amount of Pb was found to leach out of PSCs, their potential environmental risks were evaluated. If damaged PSCs are discarded, the increment amount of Pb leaching into the soil L i can be calculated with the equation [ 40 ] where c denotes the amount of Pb leaching per unit area and V soil denotes the soil volume. The dry bulk density of soil is denoted as ρ soil , and the average value is 1.3 g cm −3 .…”

Lead Leaching of Perovskite Solar Cells in Aqueous Environments: A Quantitative Investigation

“…[37] There has been increasing research effort in Pb leakage analyses and life cycle assessments of PSCs to understand their leaching process and evaluate their potential environmental impacts. [17,36,[38][39][40][41] Cahen et al studied MAPbI 3 perovskite films exposed under aqueous environments with different pH values from 4.2 to 8.1 and found that the difference in Pb leaching amount is not significant. [36] Nazeeruddin et al demonstrated a two-stage dissolution process of Pb 2þ ions from three different types of PSCs (MAPbI 3 , FA 0.85 MA 0.15 Pb(I 0.85 Br 0.15 ) 3 , and Cs x (MA 0.17 FA 0.83 ) (100Àx) Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 ) 3 ) and found that the amount of Pb leaching is within the same order of magnitude under simulated normal and acidic rainwater (pH ¼ 5.6 and 4.5).…”

“…[38] Cheng et al evaluated the potential Pb contamination of cracked perovskite modules under simulated working conditions and demonstrated that a widely used "sandwich" encapsulation strategy (utilizing polyolefin and polyisobutylene as encapsulants) could effectively prevent Pb leaching from perovskite modules. [40] Among the abovementioned studies, only a few have conducted quantitative analysis of Pb leaching of PSCs. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison of the kinetic Pb leaching behavior over a broad range of state-of-the-art PSCs is still lacking within the community.…”