Lead exposure from general aviation emissions in the UK: A review and call for action

Mills, Ashley; Peckham, Stephen

doi:10.1002/puh2.27

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 19 publications

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“…The sustainability challenges in GA are complex and include, for instance, the continued use of leaded fuels, producing health-adverse atmospheric lead and bromide emissions, rising costs, strict regulations, demographic change (aging pilots, decreasing private pilot numbers), and aging of the GA community as well as the GA aircraft fleet, which now approaches an approximate average of 50 years [1,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Certain measures and steps towards sustainability are already visible, including the AVGAS 100LL (aviation gasoline 100 octane low lead) phaseout initiatives of the European Union (2025) and the United States (2030) and the increased use of electric planes, especially in European flight schools, ever since the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)-type certification of the Pipistrel Velis Electro in the summer of 2020 [23,24,[27][28][29][30][31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stakeholder Perceptions on Sustainability Challenges and Innovations in General Aviation

Stiebe

2023

Sustainability

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While commercial aviation has received considerable social, political, and scholarly attention, general aviation (GA) has largely operated beneath the radar of sustainability discourse. GA grapples with a spectrum of sustainability challenges, encompassing the persistent use of leaded aviation gasoline, outdated technology, evolving demographics, escalating operational costs, noise pollution, adverse environmental perceptions, and public discontent. The sustainability transition in GA, akin to other transport sectors, is an intricate, sociotechnical process necessitating the integration of stakeholder and community perspectives. Existing literature primarily concentrates on technological aspects, offering a partial view of GA stakeholder viewpoints. This paper draws on quantitative methodology and conducts several statistical analyses, foremost ANOVA, t-tests, and regressions, of data from a 2022 online survey (N = 427) involving a diverse range of GA stakeholders. This study examines sustainability consciousness and perceptions within the GA community. The findings underscore shared sustainability concerns among GA stakeholders and illustrate how sociodemographic factors such as age, gender, income, and education exert varying degrees of influence on these perceptions. Additionally, a positive relationship emerges between non-aviation-related and aviation-related sustainability consciousness. Lastly, pilots with prior experience in electric aircraft display a more favorable view of electric aviation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stakeholder Perceptions on Sustainability Challenges and Innovations in General Aviation

Stiebe

2023

Sustainability

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Lead Toxicity Due to Retained Bullet Fragments

Dong,

Kershner,

Zuelzer

et al. 2024

Unusual Conditions That Every Orthopaedic Surgeon Should Know

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Energy Consumption and Saved Emissions of a Hydrogen Power System for Ultralight Aviation: A Case Study

Donateo,

Bonatesta,

Ficarella

et al. 2024

Energies

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The growing concern about climate change and the contemporary increase in mobility requirements call for faster, cheaper, safer, and cleaner means of transportation. The retrofitting of fossil-fueled piston engine ultralight aerial vehicles to hydrogen power systems is an option recently proposed in this direction. The goal of this investigation is a comparative analysis of the environmental impact of conventional and hydrogen-based propulsive systems. As a case study, a hybrid electric configuration consisting of a fuel cell with a nominal power of about 30 kW, a 6 kWh LFP battery, and a pressurized hydrogen vessel is proposed to replace a piston prop configuration for an ultralight aerial vehicle. Both power systems are modeled with a backward approach that allows the efficiency of the main components to be evaluated based on the load and altitude at every moment of the flight with a time step of 1 s. A typical 90 min flight mission is considered for the comparative analysis, which is performed in terms of direct and indirect emissions of carbon dioxide, water, and pollutant substances. For the hydrogen-based configuration, two possible strategies are adopted for the use of the battery: charge sustaining and charge depleting. Moreover, the effect of the altitude on the parasitic power of the fuel cell compressor and, consequently, on the net efficiency of the fuel cell system is taken into account. The results showed that even if the use of hydrogen confines the direct environmental impact to the emission of water (in a similar quantity to the fossil fuel case), the indirect emissions associated with the production, transportation, and delivery of hydrogen and electricity compromise the desired achievement of pollutant-free propulsion in terms of equivalent emissions of CO2 and VOCs if hydrogen is obtained from natural gas reforming. However, in the case of green hydrogen from electrolysis with wind energy, the total (direct and indirect) emissions of CO2 can be reduced up to 1/5 of the fossil fuel case. The proposed configuration has the additional advantage of eliminating the problem of lead, which is used as an additive in the AVGAS 100LL.

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Lead exposure from general aviation emissions in the UK: A review and call for action

Abstract: The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record.

Cited by 3 publications

References 19 publications

Stakeholder Perceptions on Sustainability Challenges and Innovations in General Aviation

Stakeholder Perceptions on Sustainability Challenges and Innovations in General Aviation

Lead Toxicity Due to Retained Bullet Fragments

Energy Consumption and Saved Emissions of a Hydrogen Power System for Ultralight Aviation: A Case Study

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