Lead-Free Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals for Light-Emitting Diodes

Abstract

Lead-based halide perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) have demonstrated remarkable potential for use in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). This is because of their high photoluminescence quantum yield, defect tolerance, tunable emission wavelength, color purity, and high device efficiency. However, the environmental toxicity of Pb has impeded their commercial viability owing to the restriction of hazardous substances directive. Therefore, Pb-free PeNCs have emerged as a promising solution for the development of eco-friendly LEDs. This review article presents a detailed analysis of the various compositions of Pb-free PeNCs, including tin-, bismuth-, antimony-, and copper-based perovskites and double perovskites, focusing on their stability, optoelectronic properties, and device performance in LEDs. Furthermore, we address the challenges encountered in using Pb-free PeNC-LEDs and discuss the prospects and potential of these Pb-free PeNCs as sustainable alternatives to lead-based PeLEDs. In this review, we aim to shed light on the current state of Pb-free PeNC LEDs and highlight their significance in driving the development of eco-friendly LED technologies.

Metal Halide Perovskites: Promising Materials for Light-Emitting Diodes

“…Researchers have contributed tremendous efforts to find reasonable substitute elements for lead without decreasing the EQE and stability of PeLEDs [139]. Having the same main group element, the ionic radius and valence electron configuration of tin are similar to lead, and hence tin-based perovskites are viewed as very ideal and eco-friendly substitute materials for the emission layer of PeLEDs [140,141]. Friend et al [142] demonstrated the application of CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 for PeLEDs emitting at NIR in 2016 due to the smaller bandgap of CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 compared to CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 .…”

Metal Halide Perovskite: A Promising Materials for Light Emitting Diodes

“…Researchers have contributed tremendous efforts to find the reasonable substitution elements of lead without discounting the EQE and stability of PeLEDs [135]. As the same main group element, the ionic radius and valence electron configuration are similar to lead, hence, tin-based perovskites are viewed as a very ideal and eco-friendly substitution materials of emission layer for PeLEDs [136,137]. Friend et al [138] demonstrated the application of CH3NH3SnI3 for PeLEDs emitting at NIR in 2016 due to the smaller bandgap of CH3NH3SnI3 than CH3NH3PbI3.…”

Excitonic feature in CsAg2I3 crystals prepared by Bridgman method

“…Therefore, considerable effort has been devoted to developing alternative eco-friendly Pb-free ternary metal halides. [13][14][15] Among ternary metal halides with non-toxic cations, ternary copper halides have received considerable attention in the last few years owing to their suitable band gaps, environmental stability, and low cost. [16][17][18][19] Recently, attention has been focused on ternary metal halides containing silver ions (Ag).…”