Lead-Free Hunting Rifle Ammunition: Product Availability, Price, Effectiveness, and Role in Global Wildlife Conservation

Thomas, Vernon G.

doi:10.1007/s13280-012-0361-7

Cited by 68 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…American and European companies have made proprietary types of bullets in all the calibers, bullet shapes, and weights typical for hunting anywhere in the world (Thomas 2013(Thomas , 2015a. California is the only US jurisdiction that currently requires use of non-lead bullets for hunting in one region of the state.…”

Section: Development Availability Of Lead-free Bullets and Economicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Denmark currently imports all hunting rifle ammunition and cartridge reloading components. Six major European companies and at least six US companies make non-lead rifle ammunition in all of the commonly used calibers for hunting deer in Denmark (Thomas 2013(Thomas , 2015a. These same US and European companies already have a market presence in Denmark.…”

Section: Development Availability Of Lead-free Bullets and Economicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…White-tailed Sea Eagles are protected in Europe under the EU Birds Directive, Annex 1. Lead-free rifle ammunition 1 is made by major US, Scandinavian, and European companies (Thomas 2013(Thomas , 2015a. This type of ammunition will be required, by law, throughout California in 2019 (Thomas 2015b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The calibers used commonly are available to Danish hunters, and their prices are competitive with their lead-based equivalents (Thomas 2013(Thomas , 2015aKanstrup 2015b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The transition to non-lead rifle ammunition in Denmark: National obligations and policy considerations

Kanstrup¹,

Thomas

Krone

et al. 2016

Ambio

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The issue of Denmark regulating use of leadfree rifle ammunition because of potential risks of lead exposure in wildlife and humans was examined from a scientific and objective policy perspective. The consequences of adopting or rejecting such regulation were identified. Denmark is obliged to examine this topic because of its national policy on lead reduction, its being a Party to the UN Bonn Convention on Migratory Species, and its role in protecting White-tailed Sea Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla), a species prone to lead poisoning from lead ingestion. Lead-free bullets suited for deer hunting are available at comparable cost to lead bullets, and have been demonstrated to be as effective. National adoption of lead-free bullets would complete the Danish transition to lead-free ammunition use. It would reduce the risk of lead exposure to scavenging wildlife, and humans who might eat lead-contaminated wild game meat. Opposition from hunting organizations would be expected.

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Section: Development Availability Of Lead-free Bullets and Economicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Development Availability Of Lead-free Bullets and Economicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The calibers used commonly are available to Danish hunters, and their prices are competitive with their lead-based equivalents (Thomas 2013(Thomas , 2015aKanstrup 2015b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The transition to non-lead rifle ammunition in Denmark: National obligations and policy considerations

Kanstrup¹,

Thomas

Krone

et al. 2016

Ambio

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“…BNon-lead^projectiles are available for this purpose (Thomas 2013), and it seems that precision and killing power issues can be or are already solved (Trinogga et al 2013;Kanstrup et al 2016). Concurrently, the deformation and/or fragmentation pattern of bullets/shot has been studied in more detail (Gremse et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel and copper residues in meat from wild artiodactyls hunted with nickel-plated non-lead rifle bullets

Paulsen

Sager

2017

Eur J Wildl Res

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A nickel (Ni)-plated copper-solid bullet type released up to 93 μg Ni /10 g bullet mass when immersed into meat juice for 7 days (to simulate fragments remaining in venison). A non-nickel-plated counterpart of identical construction released no Ni, but up to 250 μg copper. During thermal processing of pork cubes with embedded bullets, an average of 2.8 and up to 4.3 (maximum) μg Ni were released from the Ni-plated bullet to the surrounding meat. Average nickel and copper content in meat samples (taken in 2-3 cm distance from the shot wounds) from 30 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 3 sika deer (Cervus nippon) killed with nickelplated copper bullets did not differ significantly from those in controls (roe deer haunch). Contamination scenarios would Cu and Ni contents per portion increase moderately by 20 and 3.3 μg, respectively. In order to limit alimentary Ni uptake, the technological need for Ni-plating of bullets should be carefully evaluated.

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Sources of Mortality in Bald Eagles in Michigan, 1986–2017

et al. 2020

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As bald eagle populations recover, defining major sources of mortality provides managers important information to develop management plans and mitigation efforts. We obtained data from necropsies on 1,490 dead bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) collected in Michigan, USA, conducted from 1986 to 2017 to determine causes of death (COD). Trauma and poisoning were the most common primary COD categories, followed by disease. Within trauma and poisoning, vehicular trauma (n = 532) and lead poisoning (n = 176) were the leading COD subcategories, respectively. Females comprised a greater number of carcasses for most COD diagnoses. The proportion of trauma and poisoning CODs significantly increased in the last few years of the study in comparison to a select few years at the beginning. Trauma CODs were greater in autumn months during whitetail deer (Odocoileus virginianus) breeding and hunting seasons and in February, when aquatic foraging is unavailable and eagles are likely forced to scavenge along roadsides. Poisoning CODs were greatest in late winter and early spring months, when deer carcasses containing lead ammunition, which are preserved by the cold weather, also become a supplemental food source. The major infectious disease CODs, West Nile virus and botulism (Clostridium botulinum type E), were more prevalent during summer months. We recommend moving road‐killed carcasses, especially white‐tailed deer, from the main thoroughfare to the back of the right‐of‐way, and the transition from lead ammunition and fishing tackle to non‐toxic alternatives to decrease these main anthropogenic sources of mortality for bald eagles, and other scavenger species. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.

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Lead-Free Hunting Rifle Ammunition: Product Availability, Price, Effectiveness, and Role in Global Wildlife Conservation

Cited by 68 publications

References 22 publications

The transition to non-lead rifle ammunition in Denmark: National obligations and policy considerations

The transition to non-lead rifle ammunition in Denmark: National obligations and policy considerations

Nickel and copper residues in meat from wild artiodactyls hunted with nickel-plated non-lead rifle bullets

Sources of Mortality in Bald Eagles in Michigan, 1986–2017

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