Lead, glass and the environment

Hynes, Michael J.; Jonson, Bo

doi:10.1039/cs9972600133

Cited by 54 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…An EU directive (EU Directive 69/493/EEC 1969) states definitions and rules for chemical composition, physical and manufacturing characteristics, labelling and other forms of advertising of crystal products and glass traded within the EU. According to this, 'crystal glass' must contain more than 24% PbO (Hynes and Jonson 1997). A moderate addition of PbO into glass increases chemical resistance.…”

Section: Background Aim and Scopementioning

confidence: 98%

Application of life cycle assessment to the production of man-made crystal glass

Pulselli

Ridolfi

Rugani

et al. 2009

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Background, aim and scope This paper presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the manufacturing process of crystal glass products in order to evaluate the potential environmental impacts due to a crystalware company located in Colle di Val d'Elsa, Siena (Italy). Since there is not any published research specifically focussed on crystal production to our knowledge, outcomes from this study would represent a first documented evidence gathered from an LCA of crystal glass products. Once a detailed description of the production process was provided, different categories of impacts were assessed and analysed. Outcomes allowed us to identify 'weak points' in the production process and propose possible solutions for decreasing the risk of negative effects on the environment. Materials and methods According to the LCA methodology, the whole life cycle of crystal glass was structured into four primary phases-raw materials acquisition, crystal glass manufacturing, product utilisation and final disposal-each of which includes a set of sub-processes. Through an accurate life cycle inventory, primary data, relative to the year 2006, were elaborated through the EDIP database. The calculation of impacts was aided by GaBi4 software with reference to a functional unit corresponding to 1 kg of crystal glass products. Relative to the CML2001 problem-oriented approach, a set of impact categories was used for the classification and characterisation of the life cycle impact assessment. Potential category indicators were finally accounted for and normalised in accordance with the CML Western Europe method. Results The following ten impact categories were assessed:(1) depletion of abiotic resources, (2) acidification, (3) eutrophication, (4-6) ecotoxicity (marine and freshwater aquatic as well as terrestrial, respectively), (7) climate change (greenhouse effect), (8) human toxicity, (9) stratospheric ozone depletion and (10) photo-oxidant formation. Results showed that among the main phases, crystal glass manufacturing is the one with the highest environmental impact and emissions to air, mainly due to an intensive use of energy and materials. In particular, some sub-processes within the manufacturing stage, such as melting in furnaces, acid polishing, cutting and forming, were found to hold a high responsibility for most of the environmental effects. The main effects depend on CO 2 , NO x and SO 2 emissions, heavy metals emissions and use of non-renewable resources. In particular, the latter is due to the processes of extraction, refining, transport and use of fuels such as natural gas. Discussion Results were analysed relative to each of the main processes involved in the crystal glass life cycle and critical points were investigated in order to inform the administrators of the crystalware company and address future choices towards a more sustainable production. Some technical solutions were proposed in order to improve environmental performances. Impacts due to the use of lead in the mixture were widely treated in literature and bri...

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Section: Background Aim and Scopementioning

confidence: 98%

Application of life cycle assessment to the production of man-made crystal glass

Pulselli

Ridolfi

Rugani

et al. 2009

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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“…Recently, imported glass beads have been produced using technology involving the application of metals and metalloids, which is no longer applied in North American production (van de Griend et al, 2009). Metals have traditionally been used to improve optical properties of glass (Hynes and Jonson, 1997). Because imported glass beads were suspected to exhibit elevated metals and metalloids, the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) supported work to investigate the issue (NJDOT, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal and Metalloid Concentrations in Domestic and Imported Glass Beads Used for Highway Marking

Sandhu

Axe²,

Ndiba

et al. 2013

Environmental Engineering Science

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Glass beads are used in road markings to obtain retroreflectivity and recently have received attention due to the presence of arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and antimony (Sb). In this study, six domestic (U.S.-manufactured) and 12 imported batches of glass beads were analyzed for total metal and metalloid concentrations using field-portable X-ray fluorescence. For domestic batches, average concentrations of 8 mg/kg for As, 23 mg/kg for Pb, and 55 mg/kg for Sb were observed. On the other hand, the imported batches were found to have averages of 485 mg/kg for As, 97 mg/kg for Pb, and 106 mg/kg for Sb. Samples from batches followed Gaussian distributions; however, variability in concentrations within the imported batches was significant with errors ranging from 18% to 22% for As, 50% to 83% for Pb, and 13% to 16% for Sb. Based on these results, additional studies are warranted to evaluate the potential for leaching of metals.

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“…This alarming report was later somewhat contradicted by more realistic tests, 176 while other research 177 showed that water dredged from Pb contaminated sediments remained well within the official limits, and, more to our point, that lead bearing low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) compositions could even exhibit good biocompatibility. 178,179 However, although human exposure to lead and corresponding blood levels have drastically dropped in recent times, the ongoing controversy over the effects of low lead levels, especially for children, 89 will likely generate additional regulatory pressure on its uses (see the section on 'Toxicity of elements in glasses' in Supplementary Material 1 http:// dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743280412Y.0000000010.S1). In the case of 'crystal' glass, this has led to research activity towards lead free substitutes, 90 which showed that most of the properties of original 'crystal' could be largely duplicated (although the working range was somewhat smaller), while guaranteeing minimal leaching of potentially dangerous substances.…”

Section: Maeder Review Of Bi 2 O 3 Glassesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several phase diagrams and property maps exist for these systems. 21,91-93, [136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144] Table 1 gives several representative 'traditional' glass compositions, compared with that of traditional leaded 'crystal' glass 89 and some representative eutectic compositions in the phase diagrams. Throughout this 1 Example TF circuit, piezoresistive pressure sensor 27 , showing typical involved materials: reddish tint added to sealing glass to enhance visibility; 'conductive glass' seal5low firing TFR composition '.…”

Section: Introduction Low Melting Glasses In Electronics and Other Apmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(i) lead 'crystal' glass 89 (ii) glasses for nuclear waste immobilisation 6,[95][96][97][98] (iii) leaded CRT tube glass 89 (iv) superconductor synthesis, bulk or film, via the glass-ceramic route 39,[99][100][101][102][103][104][105] (v) heavy metal oxide (HMO) glasses with high refraction indices and far infrared (IR) transmission for optical devices and communications 36, (vi) HMO glasses for gamma radiation shielding [129][130][131][132][133][134][135] Main performance criteria…”

Section: Introduction Low Melting Glasses In Electronics and Other Apmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Bi₂O₃ based glasses for electronics and related applications

Maeder

2013

International Materials Reviews

154

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The present work critically reviews the scientific and patent literature on low melting bismuth based oxide glass frits in materials for electronics, sensors and related applications such as sealing glasses, solar cells, architectural and automotive glass, the main motivation being to replace lead based materials by environmentally more benign ones. Due to similar glass forming properties of Bi and Pb, Bi based glasses are the closest 'drop-in' alternative for lead bearing formulations, and are therefore actually replacing them in many applications, helped also by previous experience with Bi containing materials in thick film technology and component metallisations. The outstanding issues are discussed, e.g. matching the lowest processing temperatures achieved by the classical lead based glasses without sacrificing durability and stability, as well as stability versus chemical reduction. Finally, consideration is also given to special 'heavy' glasses (often containing Bi and Pb together) that are useful in fields such as optics, superconductors and nuclear technology, as well as to specific Bi 2 O 3 containing crystalline compounds.Keywords: Glasses, Bismuth, Bi 2 O 3 , Electronics, Optics, Thick film technology, Sensors Introduction Low melting glasses in electronics and other applicationsAs for ceramics, inorganic glasses, glass-ceramic and glaze materials have long gone beyond their traditional uses to address a wide array of modern technological challenges, Owing to performance and cost criteria, most standard glasses have relatively high softening points. However, there are many technological applications where a low softening temperature is required, in order to lower energy expenditure, avoid damaging devices in contact with the glass during processing or ensure compatibility with other materials:(i) hermetic sealing of packages, lamps, electrical feedthroughs and semiconductor devices 13,14,16,17,19,44,45 (ii) hermetic sealing and mechanical attachment of sensors 23,27 ( Fig. 1) (iii) encapsulation of semiconductor devices 29,30 (iv) overglazing of automotive, packaging and architectural glass 33,34,[46][47][48] (v) photovoltaic (PV) solar cell technology -conductors and contacts 42,43,[49][50][51][52][53] (vi) enamelling of aluminium in architecture and home appliances 35,[54][55][56][57][58] (vii) thick film (TF) electronics and other devices 21,22,24,25,27,59 (Fig. 1, the section on 'PbO in low melting frits and TF technology'); especially, special low firing compositions for fabrication of circuits and sensors on glass or metals. 1,28,[66][67][68][69][70][71][72] For these applications, glasses are often formulated as frits (e.g. finely divided powder), which may be applied, dispersed in a suitable medium, onto a substrate by various methods such as slip casting, screen printing, roller/curtain coating, spraying, dispensing and electrophoresis, or as preforms for sealing. Classically, the aforementioned applications have to a great extent used lead based glasses, which have a rather unique combinat...

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Lead, glass and the environment

Cited by 54 publications

References 16 publications

Application of life cycle assessment to the production of man-made crystal glass

Application of life cycle assessment to the production of man-made crystal glass

Metal and Metalloid Concentrations in Domestic and Imported Glass Beads Used for Highway Marking

Review of Bi₂O₃ based glasses for electronics and related applications

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Lead, glass and the environment

Cited by 54 publications

References 16 publications

Application of life cycle assessment to the production of man-made crystal glass

Application of life cycle assessment to the production of man-made crystal glass

Metal and Metalloid Concentrations in Domestic and Imported Glass Beads Used for Highway Marking

Review of Bi2O3 based glasses for electronics and related applications

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Product

Resources

About

Review of Bi₂O₃ based glasses for electronics and related applications