Lead in Bottled Waters:  Contamination from Glass and Comparison with Pristine Groundwater

Shotyk, William; Krachler, Michael

doi:10.1021/es062964h

Cited by 56 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 23 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Relatively high Pb concentrations in water contained in glass bottles were reported by Misund et al (1999), Shotyk and Krachler (2007b) and Reimann et al (2010a), although significant differences for Pb between bottle types were not apparent in this study. Of the elements identified as being significantly higher in glass than PET in this study, many were similarly identified in the Reimann et al (2010a) investigation.…”

Section: Compositions In Relation To Bottle Typecontrasting

confidence: 75%

A survey of the inorganic chemistry of bottled mineral waters from the British Isles

Smedley

2010

Applied Geochemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The inorganic chemistry of 85 samples of bottled natural mineral waters and spring waters has been investigated from 67 sources across the British Isles (England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland). Sources include boreholes, springs and wells. Waters are from a diverse range of aquifer lithologies and are disproportionately derived from comparatively minor aquifers, the most represented being Lower Palaeozoic (10 sources), Devonian Sandstone (10 sources) and Carboniferous Limestone (9 sources). The waters show correspondingly variable major-ion compositions, ranging from Ca-HCO 3 , through mixedcation-mixed-anion to Na-HCO 3 types. Concentrations of total dissolved solids are mostly low to very low (range 58-800 mg/L). All samples analysed in the study had concentrations of inorganic constituents well within the limits for compliance with European and national standards for bottled waters. Concentrations of NO 3 -N reached up to half the limit of 11.3 mg/L, although 62% of samples had concentrations <1 mg/L. Concentrations of Ba were high (up to 1010 µg/L) in two spring water samples. Such concentrations would have been non-compliant had they been classed as natural mineral waters, although no limit exists for Ba in European bottled spring water. In addition, though no European limit exists for U in bottled water, should a limit commensurate with the current WHO provisional guideline value for U in drinking water (15 µg/L) be introduced in the future, a small number of groundwater sources would have concentrations approaching or in excess of this value. Two sources had groundwater U concentrations >10 µg/L, both being from the Welsh Devonian Sandstone. The highest observed U concentration was 13.6 µg/L. Solute concentrations in waters contained in glass bottles compared with waters in PET showed slightly though significantly higher concentrations of Al, Ce, Cu, La, Nd, Mn, Sn, W, Zn and Zr (rank-sum testing, p < 0.05). By contrast, Sb concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in samples contained in PET bottles. This accords with other studies that have recognised Sb contamination in water from PET bottles. However, in no cases did the concentration of Sb exceed or approach the national and European limit for Sb in natural mineral water/spring water (5 µg/L), the highest observation being 1.35 µg/L. Bottled water compositions were mostly similar in their major-ion characteristics to raw groundwaters from the equivalent aquifers in Britain, although concentrations of several trace elements (Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) were appreciably lower, in some cases by one or two orders of magnitude. The most likely mechanism for the reduction is use of aeration, 2 settling and filtration to remove unstable constituents before bottling. The comparatively low concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are likely to be due to co-precipitation with/adsorption to precipitated metal oxides, although choice of resilient pipework (e.g. stainless steel) in bottling plants may also be a factor. ...

show abstract

Section: Compositions In Relation To Bottle Typecontrasting

confidence: 75%

A survey of the inorganic chemistry of bottled mineral waters from the British Isles

Smedley

2010

Applied Geochemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Pb is an ultratrace metal in natural water with concentrations being as low as several ng/L [47]. But elevated Pb has usually been detected in bottled water due to the leaching of Pb from the containers [23,24] and in tap water due to the corrosion of water supply systems [22,48,49]. In the current study, Pb occurs in drinking water at very low concentrations (51%) below the detection limit.…”

Section: Trace Metal Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…High levels of lead (Pb) and vanadium (V) are often detected in tap water supplied by lead pipes [20][21][22]. Bottled water can usually be contaminated by Pb and antimony (Sb) due to the leaching of these elements from the containers [23,24]. The elevated concentrations of toxic metals in drinking water will increase the body loadings which may result in adverse health effects varying from shortness of breath to several types of cancer [3,8,[25][26][27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and Health-Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Raw and Boiled Drinking Water from Rural Areas of China

Man

Sun

et al. 2018

Water

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:In order to assess the exposure of rural residents to trace metals via drinking water ingestion, 222 drinking water samples of rural areas from 8 provinces in China were collected and 18 trace metals analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-QMS). Based on metal concentrations, the health-risk assessment such as chronic daily intakes (CDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated. Results showed that most metals occurred in the drinking water at very low concentrations, indicating a general good quality, while the concentrations of As, Pb and Zn in some samples from Qinghai, Yunnan and Hunan provinces were higher than World Health Organization (WHO) and Chinese guidelines for drinking water. The values of CDI and HQ indicated a negligible health risk for most Chinese rural residents via drinking water. However, high concentrations of As in drinking water from Qinghai province would pose a serious risk to the local inhabitants. More attention and intensive study should be paid to Zn, Pb and As contents.

show abstract

“…Shotyc and Krachler [31] analyzed lead in 125 brands of BDW from 28 countries (including Japan) using an ultra-clean laboratory method and found that the median concentration was 0.0000085 mg/L (range: \0.000001-0.000761 mg/L), which was lower than that reported previously. They suggested that some of the measurements of low-level lead in drinking water made in some of the earlier studies suffered from analytical problems.…”

Section: Lead In Drinking Watermentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Therefore, this analytical pitfall should be taken into consideration when data on lead concentrations in drinking water samples, as well as other samples with lower lead concentrations, such as dietary sources, are being evaluated. With their sophisticated analytical technique, Shotyc and Krachler [31] found that lead concentrations in BDW in glass bottles (0.000154-0.000261 mg/L) were higher than those in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles (0.000040-0.0000 87 mg/L), probably due to the leaching of lead from the glass container.…”

Section: Lead In Drinking Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead in the Japanese living environment

Yoshinaga

2012

Environ Health Prev Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Lead has long been known to be a neurotoxic heavy metal, particularly in the context of occupational health. However, its adverse effect on the cognitive development of children at lower exposure levels has only recently received attention. Although the exposure level of contemporary Japanese children is among the lowest in the world, it is desirable to reduce exposure as much as reasonably possible due to the absence of a threshold of exposure for adverse effects. In this review, information on lead levels in milieus of our proximate environment, such as the atmosphere, drinking water, soil, house dust, diet and others, of contemporary Japan was compiled with the aim of updating our knowledge on lead distribution. Monitoring data demonstrates that lead concentrations in the atmosphere and lead intake from food consumption have decreased substantially from the 1970s. Lead was hardly detectable in tap water in a recent nation-wide monitoring survey. To the contrary, elevated lead concentrations were detected in surface soil and house dust in one of the studies on daily exposure to lead from all potential sources, and both of these sources were regarded by the authors as significant contributors of lead exposure to general Japanese children. A similar study indicated that diet is the sole major source of lead for Japanese children. A significant difference was present in the estimated dietary lead intake levels in different studies, resulting in significant discrepancies in the current knowledge on lead in our environment. Further studies are warranted to identify the major source(s) of lead exposure in Japanese children in order to establish an effective countermeasure to reduce lead exposure to children.

show abstract

Lead in Bottled Waters: Contamination from Glass and Comparison with Pristine Groundwater

Cited by 56 publications

References 23 publications

A survey of the inorganic chemistry of bottled mineral waters from the British Isles

A survey of the inorganic chemistry of bottled mineral waters from the British Isles

Occurrence and Health-Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Raw and Boiled Drinking Water from Rural Areas of China

Lead in the Japanese living environment

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About