Lead Ions Encapsulated in Liposomes and Their Effect on Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

The aim of the study was the preparation of a liposome complex with encapsulated lead ions, which were electrochemically detected. In particular, experiments were focused on the potential of using an electrochemical method for the determination of free and liposome-encapsulated lead and determination of the encapsulation efficiency preventing the lead toxicity. Primarily, encapsulation of lead ions in liposomes and confirmation of successful encapsulation by electrochemical methods was done. Further, the reduction effect of the liposome matrix on the detected electrochemical signal was monitored. Besides encapsulation itself, comparison of toxicity of free lead ions and lead ions encapsulated in liposome was tested. The calculated IC50 values for evaluating the lead cytotoxicity showed significant differences between the lead enclosed in liposomes (28 µM) and free lead ions (237 µM). From the cytotoxicity studies on the bacterial strain of S. aureus it was observed that the free lead ions are less toxic in comparison with lead encapsulated in liposomes. Liposomes appear to be a suitable carrier of various substances through the inner cavity. Due to the liposome structure the lead enclosed in the liposome is more easily accepted into the cell structure and the toxicity of the enclosed lead is higher in comparison to free lead ions.

Selective and efficient electrochemical sensing of Cd2+ ions and hydroquinone in aqueous medium by katiragum dialdehyde‐tryptophan Schiff base modified glassy carbon electrode

“…Due to its high solvation ability in the aqueous medium, 1 cadmium ion (Cd 2+ ) can easily enter into the aqueous environment through the waste stream discharged from various industries like paint, plastic, nuclear reactors and cadmium rods, electronic wastes like mobile batteries, circuit boards, etc 2–4 . Consumption of Cd 2+ ion leads to major health issues like cardiovascular diseases, temporary or permanent damage to the liver and kidney, bone‐softening (itai‐itai), diabetes, etc 5–7 . Recent studies have also found that Cd 2+ ions act as a ‘Type 1’ carcinogen in the human body; therefore, accumulation of Cd 2+ ions significantly concerning to public health 1 .…”

“…[2][3][4] Consumption of Cd 2+ ion leads to major health issues like cardiovascular diseases, temporary or permanent damage to the liver and kidney, bone-softening (itai-itai), diabetes, etc. [5][6][7] Recent studies have also found that Cd 2+ ions act as a 'Type 1' carcinogen in the human body; therefore, accumulation of Cd 2+ ions significantly concerning to public health. 1 Toxic organic pollutants like hydroquinone (HQ) are also harmful to living organisms.…”