Lead poisoning associated with malaria in children of urban areas of Nigeria

Nriagu, Jerome O.; Afeiche, Myriam C.; Linder, Aaron M.; Arowolo, T. A.; Ana, Godson; Sridhar, M. K. C.; Oloruntoba, Elizabeth O.; Obi, Ejeatulu; Ebenebe, Joy C.; Orisakwe, Orish Ebere; Adesina, Adesuwa F

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.05.001

Cited by 41 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…It was also not feasible in the cultural context, and we therefore chose ownership of items that represent available disposable income instead. We did not identify, as one Nigerian study did (Nriagu et al 2008), associations of malarial illness or treatment with elevations in BLLs. This finding may represent coexisting exposures that otherwise explain the exposure–biomarker relationship in the setting of self-reported malarial symptoms or antimalarial use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parents were asked to describe any medical problems the child experienced and were asked to list any herbal remedies/medications regularly taken by the child. Report of clay-containing remedies/medications was examined as a possible risk factor for lead exposure, as was report of malarial illness in the child, in light of a study in Nigeria that identified high prevalence of EBLL among children with malaria (Nriagu et al 2008). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Childhood Lead Exposure After the Phaseout of Leaded Gasoline: An Ecological Study of School-Age Children in Kampala, Uganda

Graber

Asher

Anandaraja

et al. 2010

Environ Health Perspect

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BackgroundTetraethyl lead was phased out of gasoline in Uganda in 2005. Recent mitigation of an important source of lead exposure suggests examination and re-evaluation of the prevalence of childhood lead poisoning in this country. Ongoing concerns persist about exposure from the Kiteezi landfill in Kampala, the country’s capital.ObjectivesWe determined blood lead distributions among Kampala schoolchildren and identified risk factors for elevated blood lead levels (EBLLs; ≥ 10 μg/dL).Analytical approachUsing a stratified, cross-sectional design, we obtained blood samples, questionnaire data, and soil and dust samples from the homes and schools of 163 4- to 8-year-old children representing communities with different risks of exposure.ResultsThe mean blood lead level (BLL) was 7.15 μg/dL; 20.5% of the children were found to have EBLL. Multivariable analysis found participants whose families owned fewer household items, ate canned food, or used the community water supply as their primary water source to have higher BLLs and likelihood of EBLLs. Distance < 0.5 mi from the landfill was the factor most strongly associated with increments in BLL (5.51 μg/dL, p < 0.0001) and likelihood of EBLL (OR = 4.71, p = 0.0093). Dust/soil lead was not significantly predictive of BLL/EBLL.ConclusionsLead poisoning remains highly prevalent among school-age children in Kampala. Confirmatory studies are needed, but further efforts are indicated to limit lead exposure from the landfill, whether through water contamination or through another mechanism. Although African nations are to be lauded for the removal of lead from gasoline, this study serves as a reminder that other sources of exposure to this potent neurotoxicant merit ongoing attention.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood Lead Exposure After the Phaseout of Leaded Gasoline: An Ecological Study of School-Age Children in Kampala, Uganda

Graber

Asher

Anandaraja

et al. 2010

Environ Health Perspect

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“…In a recent study, it was shown that one quarter of the children tested in Nigeria had blood lead levels (BLLs) over 10 μg/dL and the value for about 4% of the children exceeded 20 μg/dL [17]. Paint chips, soil, water, infant formulae, canned and non-canned beverages [18] and pediatric syrup [36], are chief exposure routes for lead poisoning in children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Environmental Distribution of Lead in Some Municipalities of South-Eastern Nigeria

Nduka

Orisakwe

2010

IJERPH

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Lead (Pb) levels were measured in roadside surface soils, dust particles and rain water samples from the urban cities of Enugu, Awka, Onitsha, Nnewi, Aba, Port Harcourt and Warri in Southern Nigeria in 2007 and 2008. Samples were collected during the dry season, while rain water samples were collected during the early rain (April–June), mid rain (July–August) and late rain seasons (September–October) for the two years. Soil samples were collected from traffic congested roads, dust was collected by tying a plastic basin on a pole 1.5 m above ground level and leaving it for 45 days. Rain samples were collected from three equidistant points. Samples were analyzed by AAS. The highest soil Pb of 120.00 ± 0.00 and 80.36 ± 0.00 mg/kg were reported in Onitsha for 2007 and 2008, respectively. Nnewi showed 33.40 ± 0.01 and 4,238.29 ± 0.00 mg/kg for 2007 and 2008. Aba had 22.56 ± 0.01 and 21.28 ± 0.00 mg/kg for 2007 and 2008. Higher concentrations were recorded for Nnewi and Port Harcourt in 2008 than in 2007. Enugu had more in 2007 while Awka had more in 2008. Dust Pb ranged from 0.13–0.49 mg/kg and 0.15–0.47 mg/kg for 2007 and 2008, respectively. Rain samples had the least Pb concentration, ranging from 0.103 ± 0.000 to 0.163 ± 0.046 mg/L. We may conclude that Nigerians are exposed to environmental Pb.

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“…In a recent study in Nigeria, one quarter of the children tested had BLLs >10 μg/dL and about 4% of the children tested had BLLs that exceeded 20 μg/dL. 54 Most Nigerian families of low socio-economic status maintain a diet consisting largely of cassava-based foods that are low in calcium. The lack of calcium could explain the higher mean BLLs in Nigeria when compared to Western nations that have a calciumrich diet.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%