Lead Sources in Perovskite Solar Cells: Toward Controllable, Sustainable, and Large‐Scalable Production

Abstract

Organic–inorganic hybrid Pb halide perovskites have gained much attention as the most promising next generation photovoltaics, and the certificated power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has recently reached 25.5%. For the typical solution‐processed film, the features of solutes in the precursor solution greatly influence the characteristics of the deposited film. While for Pb‐based perovskites, PbI6 octahedral is the key component of the perovskite framework, and thus the Pb source particularly plays a significant role in determining the crystallization, structural, and optoelectronic properties of the solution‐processed perovskite film. In this review, the state‐of‐the‐art studies that focus on disclosing the key role of Pb source in the performance improvement of PSCs are systematically summarized. In addition, a comprehensive discussion on the effect of various Pb sources (e.g., Pb halides, Pb salts, Pb chalcogens, metallic Pb, and recycled Pb compounds) on the crystallization kinetics and photovoltaic characteristics of perovskite film is given. Also, the significant role of Pb source in producing large‐scale PSCs in a controllable and sustainable manner is highlighted. This review is expected not only to put steps forward for the future commercialization of PSCs, but also to inspire more ideas in many other optoelectronic devices regarding raw material engineering.

24.64%‐Efficiency MA‐Free Perovskite Solar Cell with Voc of 1.19 V Enabled by a Hinge‐Type Fluorine‐Rich Complex

“…As shown in Figure 2e,f, the perovskite/CoFAc/Spiro‐OMeTAD films display a significant PL quenching effect and shorter average carrier lifetime than control films, suggesting that the existence of CoFAc accelerates the rate of charge extraction from the perovskite to the HTL and is beneficial for photovoltaic performance. [ 17 ] Figure S3 (Supporting Information) shows the results of PL and TRPL of perovskite/Spiro‐OMeTAD films with different concentrations of CoFAc modification. The corresponding fitting parameters are shown in Table S2 (Supporting Information).…”

Screening interface passivation materials intelligently through machine learning for highly efficient perovskite solar cells

“…, excess Pb 2+ ions lead to the formation of an n-type perovskite that promotes high PCEs, 38 and the other is the crystallization kinetics. 39…”

“…The dependence of the PCE on the precursor solution derives from two aspects: one is the intrinsic electronic properties, i.e., excess Pb 2+ ions lead to the formation of an n-type perovskite that promotes high PCEs, 38 and the other is the crystallization kinetics. 39 To map the correlation between the PCE and the 15 screened features, we use four machine learning algorithms: linear regression (LR), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting 3d-g.…”

Defective MWCNT Enabled Dual Interface Coupling for Carbon‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency Exceeding 22%

“…[2][3][4][5] However, the susceptibility to corrosion nature of Ag/Au metal electrode by halide ions as well as their high cost are hindering PSCs largescale commercialization. [6][7][8] Alternatively, carbon electrodes used in PSCs exhibit excellent corrosion resistance and robust environmental tolerance against heat and moisture. [9] Moreover, carbon-based PSCs (C-PSCs) are more cost-effective as compared to Ag/Au-based devices.…”